Evidence mapPaperPMID 40240749Full record

SynthesisJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Systems, Social, and Individual Factors Influencing Glycemic Control Among American Indian/Alaska Native Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Leandra Bitterfeld, Lauren Hill, Jodiey Bondurant, Jennifer Dailey-Vail, Angela G Brega, Figaro Loresto, Christine T Rael

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Leandra BitterfeldUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA. leandra.bitterfeld@imail.org.ORCID 0000-0002-6823-2065
Lauren HillUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0220-7262
Jodiey BondurantUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6821-1902
Jennifer Dailey-VailUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-0596-0420
Angela G BregaCenters for American Indian & Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7319-4892
Figaro LorestoUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5967-7372
Christine T RaelUniversity of Colorado College of Nursing, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6303-3809

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesAmerican Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) peoples experience type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at double the rate of White Americans and have 2.3 times greater mortality. Glycemic control is a central goal of diabetes management and is associated with superior physical outcomes and quality of life. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize all factors that influence glycemic control among AI/AN people with T2DM.

designThis is a systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Embase and Web of Science were searched using terms related to "type 2 diabetes" and "American Indian/Alaska Native" from 2008-2023.

resultsThirty-three studies were identified. Factors related to glycemic control were 1) healthcare interventions, 2) social determinants of health, 3) self-care behaviors, 4) mental health and psychological factors, and 5) genetic factors. Few factors were consistently associated with improved glycemic control. Multidisciplinary care models that integrate community members providing education/healthcare referrals, and medication adherence had the strongest signals with improved glycemic control. While some studies found relationships between glycemic control and diet, exercise and depression, others did not.

conclusionWhile more work is needed to understand influencers of glycemic control in this population, community health representatives, medication adherence and healthcare utilization should be leveraged to improve glycemic control. Future work among AI/AN people with T2DM should focus on how structural and societal factors, like health policy, built environment, and social environment, impact the performance of self-care behaviors and influence glycemic control.

Indexed as

Alaska NativesAmerican Indian or Alaska NativeDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycemic ControlIndians, North AmericanHumansSocial Determinants of HealthAmerican Indian/Alaska NativeGlycemic controlMinorityType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40240749

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.