ArticleJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2025
Elite collegiate swimmers do not meet sport nutrition recommendations during heavy training: effects of sex and within-day nutrient timing.
Article in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between energy availability and sleep quality in elite female and male swimmers: a brief report.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Article
- Sanda training for youth athletes: a comprehensive review of health benefits, injury prevention, and long-term development.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Post-Exercise Nutrition Knowledge and Adherence to Recommendations Among Amateur Endurance Athletes.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Right Ventricular Function Improves After Bench Press: A Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompared to the general population, athletes experience high energy expenditures requiring increased energy and macronutrient intakes to sustain training and optimize performance. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Society for Sports Nutrition (ISSN) have established recommendations for nutrient intakes, many athletes do not meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the general population, and sport and sex-specific differences are not well documented. Exploration of within-day energy balance (WDEB) shows athletes may achieve energy balance by the end of the day but may present with poor WDEB. Data support that female athletes are at greater risk of nutrient deficiencies than their male counterparts, and it is unclear whether swimmers meet sport-specific nutrient intake and timing recommendations. Following our previous WDEB analysis, the purpose of this investigation was to assess dietary macronutrient intake as related to RDAs (USDA and IOC/ISSN), within-day macronutrient timing, and associated sex differences in swimmers.
methodsIn elite male and female swimmers (
resultsWhen compared to IOC/ISSN daily recommendations, only 6/25 swimmers met FAT intake, 7/25 met CHO intake, and 24/25 met PRO intake IOC/ISSN daily recommendations.Males had greater EI and TDEE compared to females (
conclusionThe results from this study demonstrate significant sex-differences, indicating that most swimmers meet athlete-specific recommendations for PRO, but not CHO or FAT intake. CHO timing for pre-, during, and post-exercise was met by only 52% swimmers. Results suggest that swimmers should prioritize CHO intake, emphasized around and during training bouts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.