Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40259185›Full record

SynthesisJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Evidence-Based Practice in Prescribing SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA Across Ethnic and Racial Groups: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.

L Ananthesh, Rasheal Maria Cutinha, Roopa Satyanarayan Basutkar

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

L AnantheshNitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Mangalore, India.
Rasheal Maria CutinhaNitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Mangalore, India.
Roopa Satyanarayan BasutkarNitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Mangalore, India. roopasatyanarayan@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0001-8034-8100

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe newer classes of anti-diabetes medications have additional cardiovascular and renal effects, and restricted access would contribute to diabetes-related healthcare disparities. Hence, a systematic review, and meta-analysis, was undertaken to determine the existence of racial and ethnic disparities in the uptake of SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA.

methodsThe search was performed using Scopus, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Eligibility to include the studies was assessed independently, and this review included observational studies. The necessary information was extracted using the Cochrane-modified data extraction form. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RevMan v5.4.1 was used to conduct the analysis. The certainty of the evidence was measured with GradePro.

resultsThe likelihood of prescription fills with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA was lower among the Black population, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.81 (95% CI 0.75-0.88, p < 0.0001) for SGLT2i and 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.87, p < 0.0001) for GLP-1 RA when compared to White population. Additionally, Asian individuals and those classified under "Other" populations had a significant reduction in GLP-1 RA prescription fills, with odds ratios of 0.61 (95% CI 0.43-0.86) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.60-0.89), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in SGLT2i prescription fills among the Asian individuals (p = 0.56) or those in the "Other" population category (p = 0.51).

conclusionsThe extent of evidence-based practice in prescribing SGLT2i was significantly low among the Black population compared to patients who are Whites. The number of prescriptions filled by GLP-1 RA was significantly low among the Asian population, the Black population, and other populations. Thus, policymakers and clinicians must take the necessary initiatives to achieve pharmacoequity in managing T2DM with co-morbidity conditions.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2EthnicityEvidence-Based PracticeGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHealthcare DisparitiesPractice Patterns, Physicians'Racial GroupsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsHumansObservational Studies as TopicGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsDiabetes mellitusDisparitiesEthnicityGLP-1 RARacialSGLT2iT2DM

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.