ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Citral protects against metabolic endotoxemia, and systemic disorders caused by high-fat diet-induced obesity via intestinal modulation.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reframing obesity through the gut microbiota: functional dysbiosis and metabolic disease.Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2026Review
- Citral impairs intestinal changes caused by ulcerative colitis through modulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and healing activities.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Addressing the challenge of obesity in primary care: a review of effective interventions and implementation strategies.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is a growing global epidemic associated with changes in the gut microenvironment and metabolic endotoxemia, which can exacerbate metabolic and inflammatory processes. Citral (CT), a monoterpene present in essential oils, has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its role in modulating the gut axis during metabolic and inflammatory alterations in obesity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of CT on intestinal and metabolic impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high-fat diet (HFD) in Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet and HFD for 17 weeks, with daily oral administration of CT treatment (25, 100, or 300 mg/kg) or vehicle. Morphological and histological parameters, lipid profiles, adipose index, cytokine levels, and colonic gene expression were determined. Results: CT treatment showed anti-obesity activity against HFD-induced body mass gain in mice, which was attributed to a significant reduction in body fat, glycemia, and cholesterol levels. Systemic inflammation during obesity also decreased after CT treatment, with a significant reduction in serum levels of endotoxin, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, CT stimulation reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and maintained ZO-1 levels in LPS-stimulated CMT-93 cells. Conclusion: CT has anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperlipidemic properties mediated by its protective effects on the intestinal epithelium in obesity. Thus, our results highlight the promising preclinical results of CT treatment as a protective agent against the detrimental effects of HFD and LPS in mice.
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