ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Global, regional, and national burden of Visceral leishmaniasis, 1990-2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Peptide-Enabled Nanoplatforms for Malaria and Leishmaniasis: From Intracellular Targeting to Translational Diagnostic Perspectives.ChemMedChem · 2026Review
- Epidemiological transitions of Visceral Leishmaniasis in G20 countries: A 33-year retrospective joinpoint and demographic decomposition analysis with 20-year ARIMA projections.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Co-managing the double burden: strategies for simultaneously tackling infectious and non-communicable diseases.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With the Emergence and Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- A Trypanothione Synthetase-Based Subunit Vaccine Induces Protective Th1 Immunity against Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Zoonotic leishmaniasis in China: Current status and challenges to elimination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of and DALYs due to cutaneous leishmaniasis globally from 1990 to 2021 based on remote sensing and GIS technologies.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national age-gender-specific trends, decomposition analysis, and Bayesian age-period-cohort modelling for projections of the burden of leishmaniasis: A population-based ecological study.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Article
- Regression Analysis of the Main Environmental Risk Factors for Mountainous Subtype of Zoonotic VL in China.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- mNGS-Assisted Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Presenting as Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Two Cases Confirmed by rK39.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Phenotypic characterization of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in visceral leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Toward Eliminating Leishmaniasis as a Public Health Problem in Yemen: Advocating for a One Health Approach.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2026Review
- Early-warning prediction of visceral leishmaniasis mortality using a multivariate STL-deep learning hybrid approach on 20 years of monthly time series.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Molecular diagnostics for cutaneous leishmaniasis: progress towards fulfilling the WHO target product profile.Parasitology · 2025Review
- Interleukin-8 Predicts Fatal Kala-Azar: A Case-Control Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Synthesis of thiosemicarbazone Schiff base derivatives as anti-leishmanial agents and molecular dynamics simulations insights.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Beyond Mosquitoes: A Review of Pediatric Vector-Borne Diseases Excluding Malaria and Arboviral Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Temporal and spatial analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, by age group and sex: an ecological study, 2013-2022.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national temporal trend and patterns of change in the burden of leishmaniasis from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Science in One Health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus; it is transmitted through the bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies. Clinically, it manifests in three primary forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Among these, VL represents the most severe form, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and poses a considerable public health burden, particularly in endemic regions. This study utilizes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021 to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the global epidemiological trends and burden of VL from 1990 to 2021, aiming to generate evidence-based insights to inform prevention and control strategies.
methodsUsing GBD 2021 data, this study examined trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of VL across 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. Average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in age-standardized rates and indicator counts from 1990 to 2021.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR; AAPC = -0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.25, -0.24), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR; AAPC = -0.06, 95% CI -0.06, -0.05), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR; AAPC = -0.03, 95% CI -0.04, -0.02), and DALY rate (AAPC = -2.38, 95% CI -2.44, -2.33) for VL all showed a declining trend. The ASMR was highest among children under 5 years old and decreased progressively with age. VL remains a critical and under-recognized tropical disease in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.
conclusionsVL disproportionately affects males and presents the highest risk in children under 5 years. Enhanced global collaboration in infectious disease control, with a focus on regions such as Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, is essential to further reduce the burden of VL.
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