Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40287912›Full record

ArticleClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2025

Immunotherapy may promote the occurrence of radiation-induced brain injury in NSCLC patients with brain metastases undergoing radiotherapy: a retrospective propensity score-matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting study.

Sai Li, JingYi Tang, Ruiting Chen, Yong Li, Shulin Liu, Xianjing Chu, Lang Li, Weihua Liao

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Article in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Sai Li *Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-5449
JingYi Tang *Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Ruiting ChenDepartment of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Yong LiDepartment of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Shulin LiuDepartment of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Xianjing ChuDepartment of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Lang LiDepartment of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
Weihua LiaoDepartment of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China. owenliao@csu.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82071894National Natural Science Foundation of China 82071984National Natural Science Foundation of China 91959117Natural Science Foundation of Changsha KP2403036Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province 2024JJ6687
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe combination of radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy can significantly improve the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, concerns about whether the synergistic effect may increase the risk of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) remain controversial. This study aims to explore the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on the occurrence of RIBI in patients with NSCLC brain metastases (BMs).

methodsThis study retrospectively enrolled NSCLC patients with BMs undergoing RT between January 2017 and December 2023. Patients were stratified into groups based on PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, administration, with confounding factors controlled via propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Final cohorts included an RT-only group (n = 54) and an RT + ICIs group (n = 28). RIBI incidence and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between groups.

resultsAfter 1:1 PSM analysis, the incidence of RIBI in the RT + ICIs group was significantly higher than that in the RT-only group (17.9% vs 42.9%, P = 0.042). Further IPTW analysis showed that the incidence of RIBI in the RT + ICIs group was significantly higher than that in the RT-only group (24.8% vs 47.8%, P = 0.033). Regarding the impact on PFS, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in both PSM and IPTW (P > 0.05).

conclusionsImmunotherapy combined with RT may increase the occurrence of RIBI in patients with NSCLC BMs. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon requires further investigation.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsImmunotherapyLung NeoplasmsRadiation InjuriesAdultAgedFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPropensity ScoreRetrospective StudiesImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsBrain metastasesInverse probability of treatment weightingNon-small cell lung cancerPropensity score matchingRadiation-induced brain injury

Identifiers

PMID40287912

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.