ArticleBMC medicine2025
Circulating linoleic acid and its interplay with gut microbiota during pregnancy for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Article in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Plasma linoleic acid is related to lower hepatic steatosis index and higher linoleate-rich cardiolipin in adults with MAFLD.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2026Article
- The interplay between gut microbiota and gestational diabetes mellitus: mechanisms, characteristics, and intervention strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Some Levels of Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Amino Acids in the Second Trimester Are Linked to Gestational Diabetes and Are Predictive of Persisting Impaired Glucose Tolerance After Delivery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The controversial role of linoleic acid in cardiometabolic health: from molecular pathways to human studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCirculating linoleic acid (LA) levels have been reported to be associated with various metabolic outcomes. However, the role of LA and its interplay with gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between circulating LA levels during pregnancy and the risk of GDM, and the potential role of gut microbiota.
methodsA nested case-control study was conducted within the ongoing Tongji-Huaxi-Shuangliu Birth Cohort in Chengdu, China. Blood and fecal samples were collected during early and middle pregnancy from 807 participants. GDM was diagnosed in middle pregnancy using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Plasma LA levels were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gut microbiota was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study was conducted using data from the IEU OpenGWAS database and the FinnGen consortium.
resultsElevated plasma LA levels were associated with a lower risk of GDM in both early (P for trend = 0.002) and middle pregnancy (P for trend = 0.02). Consistently, Mendelian randomization analysis revealed that each unit increase in LA was associated with a 16% reduction in GDM risk (odds ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.72, 0.95). In early pregnancy, higher plasma LA levels were correlated with higher adiponectin levels (P < 0.001) and lower levels of triglycerides (P < 0.001), HbA1c (P = 0.04), and C-peptide (P = 0.04). The LA-accociated microbiota mediated the relationship between LA and C-peptide (P = 0.01). Additionally, the inverse association between LA and GDM was modified by Bilophila (P for interaction = 0.03), with a stronger association observed in participants with lower Bilophila levels in early pregnancy. Metagenomic analyses further showed that the LA-associated pathway (D-galacturonate degradation I) and its key enzyme (EC 4.2.1.7) were associated with metabolic traits.
conclusionsOur study provides evidence for an inverse causal association between plasma LA levels during pregnancy and GDM risk, which is both mediated and modified by gut microbiota.
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