ReviewAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025
Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.
Erratum issuedAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cognitive Predictors of Adaptive Behaviour in Children With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2026Pooled it
- The Role of Genetic Alterations in the Emergence of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome: A Review.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Frequency of mixed neuropathologies in individuals with down syndrome with and without Alzheimer's dementia.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Loss of Proteostasis and Early-Onset Neurodegeneration in Down Syndrome: From Mechanisms to Interventions.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Development of Molecular Neuropathology in Down Syndrome across the Lifespan.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Review
- Generational effects in Down syndrome: Enriched environment enhances functionality without reducing Alzheimer's disease risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
45 authors.
Rory BoylePenn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, Richards Medical Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0787-6892
Elouise A KoopsDepartment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4105-4254
Beau AncesDepartment of Neurology, Center for Advanced Medicine Neuroscience Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Elizabeth J AndrewsDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
Eider M Arenaza-UrquijoBarcelona Institute for Global Health, Environment and Health Over the Life Course Programme, Climate, Air Pollution, Nature and Urban Health Programme, Pompeu Fabra University Carrer de la Mercè, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-7016-7576
Alexandre BejaninSant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-9958-0951
Adam M BrickmanTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5125-8226
Rachel F BuckleyDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5356-5537
Giulia S ClasLaboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurosciences, Foundation for the Fight Against Childhood Neurological Diseases (LEN-INEU-Fleni-CONICET), Fleni, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Emmet CostelloAcademic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0001-8620-9531
Gillian T CoughlanDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1806-702X
Alexander C ConleyCenter for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1159-5524
Feng DengSchool of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
Daniele de Paula FariaLaboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-1766-2786
Natalie EdwardsTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Lisi Flores-AguilarDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7962-7433
Juan ForteaSant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-1340-638X
Ladan Ghazi SaidiDepartment of Speech Language Pathology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6311-3198
Elizabeth HeadDepartment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1115-6396
Christy L HomDepartment of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0266-0961
Katherine KoenigImaging Sciences, Diagnostics Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1504-7130
Patrick LaoTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2243-3547
Imre LengyelThe Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
Yi-Ju LiDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6996-4834
Samantha LoiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Neuropsychiatry Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4953-4500
David LoughreySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
Eimear McGlincheyGlobal Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Paul NewhouseCenter for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Lucía PertierraGlobal Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Prokopis C ProkopiouDepartment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5444-8359
Qing QiTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Elisa de Paula França ResendeFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-9758-6452
Jason RussellCenter for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6263-1674
Catherine E ScanlonDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Christoph SchneiderDepartment of Neurology, Inselspital and University of Bern, Rosenbühlgasse, Bern, Switzerland.
Stephanie A SchultzDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8460-4415
Mabel SetoDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8567-2532
Sophia ShakaDepartment of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4441-9773
Anja SoldanDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Lídia Vaqué AlcázarSant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-6776-6559
Yihe WengTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Jo Ellen WilsonCenter for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Shahid H ZamanDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Sára E ZsadányiSant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, Barcelona, Spain.
Sigan HartleySchool of Human Ecology and Waisman Center, Nancy Nicholas Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Funding
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging InitiativeU01AG024904 · NORTHERN CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE RES &EDUC · 2004 to 2005
$21.3MProject 3: Biomarkers for DS Clinical TrialsU19AG068054 · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · 2025 to 2025
$18.4M'T V ASSESSMENT - MEMORY DISORDERED PATIENTS'P50AG005146 · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · 1985 to 2005
$10.4MCore A AdminU19AG033655 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · 2023 to 2025
$10.1MResearch Education ComponentP30AG066507 · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$4.5MThe Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at the University of California, IrvineP30AG066519 · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · 2025 to 2025
$4.3MCerebrovascular contributions to Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down SyndromeRF1AG079519 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI ADAM M BRICKMAN, Elizabeth Head · 2022 to 2022
$3.1MHealth of the Cholinergic System and Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in Postmenopausal WomenR01AG066159 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI JULIE A DUMAS, PAUL A. NEWHOUSE · 2023 to 2023
$1.7MOverall: Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at VanderbiltP50HD103537 · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · 2025 to 2025
$1.2MBuilding predictive algorithms to identify resilience and resistance to Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG079142 · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$962kUnderstanding the mechanisms linking small vessel cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology with neurodegeneration and cognition during midlifeR00AG065506 · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · 2025 to 2025
$244kMenopause, hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease clinicopathology: An in vivo perspectiveK99AG083063 · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$135kAlzheimer's Association 23AARF-1026796Alzheimer's Association 23AARFD-1022715Alzheimer's Association AARG2019-AARG-644641Alzheimer's Association AARG-22-923680Alzheimer's Society United KingdomBarcelona City Council, Fundació La Caixa 21S09060Barcelona City Council, Fundació La Caixa 23S06157-001Carlos III Health Institute INT21/00073Carlos III Health Institute PI20/01473Carlos III Health Institute PI22/00307Carlos III Health Institute PI23/01786Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 302527/2022-2Department de Salut de la Generalitat de CatalunyaEuropean Social Fund-State Research Agency PID2019-111514RA-I00European Social Fund-State Research Agency PID2023-15333620B-100European Social Fund-State Research Agency RYC2018-026053-IEuropean UnionFondo de Investigaciones SanitarioFondo de Investigaciones Sanitario, Carlos III Health InstituteFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Una Manera de Hacer Europa, Department de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Pla Estratègic de Recerca I Innovació en SalutFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FAPESP 2018/15167Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno IIBSP-DOW-2020-151Jerome Lejeune FoundationJerome Lejeune Foundation, Alzheimer's Society United Kingdom ASPG213MRC Program Grant MR/N029941/1NIA NIH HHS DP2 AG082342NIA NIH HHS F31 AG090091NIA NIH HHS K01 AG084816NIA NIH HHS K99 AG083063NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066507NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066519NIA NIH HHS P50 AG005146NIA NIH HHS R00 AG065506NIA NIH HHS R01 AG066159NIA NIH HHS R01 AG070028NIA NIH HHS R01 AG079142NIA NIH HHS R01 AG081394NIA NIH HHS R21 AG056974NIA NIH HHS R21 AG075643NIA NIH HHS R61 AG066543NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG056850NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG060472NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG061566NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG079519NIA NIH HHS U01 AG024904NIA NIH HHS U19 AG033655NIA NIH HHS U19 AG068054NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103537NIH HHS 1R01AG070028NIH HHS AARG21850839NIH HHS DP2AG082342NIH HHS K01AG084816NIH HHS K99AG083063NIH HHS P30AG066519NIH HHS P50AG005146NIH HHS R00AG065506NIH HHS R01AG056850NIH HHS R01AG061566NIH HHS R01AG066159NIH HHS R01AG079142NIH HHS R01AG081394NIH HHS R21AG056974NIH HHS R21AG075643NIH HHS R61AG066543NIH HHS R61 HD100973NIH HHS RF1AG060472NIH HHS RF1AG079519NIH HHS U01AG024904NIH HHS U19AG033655NIH HHS U19AG068054Pla Estratègic de Recerca I Innovació en Salut SLT006/17/00119Salud Carlos III Sara Borrell CP20/00038Salud Carlos III Sara Borrell SBCD23/00235Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, European Social Fund-State Research AgencyUna Manera de Hacer EuropaUniversity of Nebraska, and Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adults with Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21 is now considered a genetic form of AD (DSAD). A better understanding of factors that can prevent or delay AD is vital to improve outcomes for adults with DS. In this narrative review, we apply AD and cognitive aging research frameworks to study resistance and resilience in DSAD. Given the variability in the timing of pathology and symptoms, we discuss the evidence supporting the role of genetic, biological, socio-behavioral, lifestyle, and environmental factors in resistance and resilience to DSAD. We also consider how co-occurring health conditions in DS may influence resistance and resilience, and how methods from AD research can be applied to DSAD. Ultimately, this framework aims to guide future research and translate findings into clinical interventions to improve outcomes in DSAD. Highlights Definitions of resistance and resilience in the genetic form of Alzheimer's disease (DSAD) are proposed for guiding the field. Variability in the timing of AD pathology and symptoms suggests the potential for resistance and resilience mechanisms in DSAD. Genetic, biological, socio-behavioral, lifestyle, and environmental factors have the potential to build resistance or resilience in DSAD. Future research will require longitudinal and experimental designs, life course approaches, and large cohort studies.
Indexed as
Adaptation, BiologicalAlzheimer DiseaseCognitive AgingDisease ResistanceDown SyndromeHumansPrevalenceResilience, Psychologicalbrain maintenancebrain reservecognitive reservecognitive resiliencedementiatrisomy 21
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.