ArticleOphthalmology science
Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Cholelithiasis.
Article in Ophthalmology science. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Oral Ursodeoxycholic Acid Is Associated With Decreased Rate of AMD.Clinical therapeutics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Dysregulated lipid metabolism likely contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There is an overlap in risk factors between AMD and diseases of lipid metabolism, such as cholelithiasis, suggesting that an association between these diseases could provide insight into AMD pathogenesis. This study sought to determine if there is an association between cholelithiasis and AMD. Design: A cohort study was conducted using patients in the Optum deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart database from January 1, 2000, to June 30, 2022. Participants: Patients over the age of 55 with ≥2 years of data and no prior history of AMD were included. The exposed cohort included patients who had a history of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or cholecystectomy. The control cohort included patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), matched for age ±3 years, sex, race, and year of index date. Methods: Propensity scores were created using multivariable logistic regression and applied to inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Cox proportional hazard regression modeling with IPTW was used to compare progression to AMD in each cohort. Main Outcome Measures: Progression to AMD for patients with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or a history of cholecystectomy. Results: A total of 332 536 patients with cholelithiasis and 776 591 matched GERD controls were analyzed. After IPTW, the mean age (±standard deviation) was 66.6 ± 9.4 years in the cholelithiasis cohort and 67.5 (±10.3) years in the GERD cohort. Women comprised 58% of the cholelithiasis cohort and 57% of the GERD cohort. In the cholelithiasis cohort, 3511.7 (1.14%) were diagnosed with AMD, compared with 23 367.1 (2.92%) in the GERD cohort and corresponding to a significantly decreased hazard of AMD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.75, Conclusions: Cholelithiasis was associated with a 28% hazard reduction in AMD. More severe gallbladder disease conferred greater protection. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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