Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40293064›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Indices in Response to Drought Across Two Traditional Olive Orchard Regions in the Iberian Peninsula.

Nazaret Crespo, Luís Pádua, Paula Paredes, Francisco J Rebollo, Francisco J Moral, João A Santos, Helder Fraga

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Improving ETa Estimation forPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nazaret CrespoCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0003-1092-6352
Luís PáduaCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-7570-9773
Paula ParedesLEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0001-5609-0234
Francisco J RebolloDepartment of Graphic Expression, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura (UEX), Avda. Adolfo Suárez, s/n., 06007 Badajoz, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-1233-0037
Francisco J MoralDepartment of Graphic Expression, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n., 06006 Badajoz, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-8465-1318
João A SantosCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-8135-5078
Helder FragaCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-7946-8786

Funding

Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia 2022.04553.PTDC
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial-temporal dynamics of vegetation indices in olive orchards across two traditionally rainfed regions of the Iberian Peninsula, namely the "Trás-os-Montes" (TM) agrarian region in Portugal and the Badajoz (BA) province in Spain, in response to drought conditions. Using satellite-derived vegetation indices, derived from the Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 project (HLSL30), such as the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), this study evaluates the impact of drought periods on olive tree growing conditions. The Mediterranean Palmer Drought Severity Index (MedPDSI), specifically developed for olive trees, was selected to quantify drought severity, and impacts on vegetation dynamics were assessed throughout the study period (2015-2023). The analysis reveals significant differences between the regions, with BA experiencing more intense drought conditions, particularly during the warm season, compared to TM. Seasonal variability in vegetation dynamics is clearly linked to MedPDSI, with lagged responses stronger in the previous two-months. Both the SAVI and the NDMI show vegetation vigour declines during dry seasons, particularly in the years of 2017 and 2022. The findings reported in this study highlight the vulnerability of rainfed olive orchards in BA to long-term drought-induced stress, while TM appears to have slightly higher resilience. The study underscores the value of combining satellite-derived vegetation indices with drought indicators for the effective monitoring of olive groves and to improve water use management practices in response to climate change. These insights are crucial for developing adaptation measures that ensure the sustainability, resiliency, and productivity of rainfed olive orchards in the Iberian Peninsula, particularly under climate change scenarios.

Indexed as

DroughtsOleaPortugalSeasonsSoilSpainSpatio-Temporal AnalysisSoilMedPDSINDMIolive orchardsremote sensingSAVI

Identifiers

PMID40293064
PMCPMC11946650

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.