ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Empagliflozin-Pretreated MSC-Derived Exosomes Enhance Angiogenesis and Wound Healing via PTEN/AKT/VEGF Pathway.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advanced Functional Wound Dressings in Precision Surgery: Immunometabolic Reprogramming, Bioadaptive Biomaterials, and Intelligent Regenerative Interfaces.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Regenerative Therapies for Cosmetic Dermatology for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Skin Aging, Aesthetic Concerns, and Evidence-Based Best Practices.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A core-shell microneedle platform for the spatiotemporal codelivery of dual-agent therapeutics precisely orchestrates diabetic wound healing.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Fractional carbon dioxide laser-induced photothermal activation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes accelerates diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis.World journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Research progress on functionalized stem cell therapy strategies in wound healing.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Taming autoimmune thyroiditis: cellular immunomodulation through MSCs, Tregs, and tolDCs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes: from functional mechanisms to clinical translation in diabetic foot ulcer management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication: a new perspective on the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of diabetic microvascular complications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Beyond wound closure: translational opportunities and barriers of mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles in burn management.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Exosome-Biomaterial Platforms for Diabetic Skin Infections: Microenvironment Remodeling, Responsive Delivery, and Clinical Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Drug-Augmenting Strategies of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Preserving β-Cell in Type 2 Diabetes.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Exosomes: the future of acellular nanotherapeutics in regenerative vascularization.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Multifaceted mechanisms and targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiovascular diseases: a translational medicine perspective.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Diabetic wounds are a common and challenging complication of diabetes, characterized by delayed healing and increased risk of infection. Current treatment methods are limited and often ineffective in promoting wound repair. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have shown promise in regenerative medicine, but enhancing their therapeutic potential remains a key area of research. Methods: In this study, MSCs were pretreated with empagliflozin (EMPA), and exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation. The morphology, size, and protein markers of EMPA-Exos were characterized. Their effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were assessed using EdU assays, CCK-8 assays, scratch assays, Transwell assays, and Matrigel tube formation assays. The PTEN/AKT/VEGF signaling pathway was analyzed through Western blotting. In vivo, diabetic mouse wound models were used to evaluate the healing efficacy of EMPA-Exos. Results: EMPA pretreatment enhanced the functional properties of MSC-derived exosomes, significantly improving HUVECs' proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis compared to non-pretreated exosomes (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis and pathway activation studies revealed that EMPA-Exos promoted angiogenesis through the PTEN/AKT/VEGF signaling pathway. In vivo experiments demonstrated accelerated wound healing and increased vascularization in diabetic mice treated with EMPA-Exos (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EMPA-pretreated MSC-derived exosomes effectively enhance angiogenesis and accelerate diabetic wound healing by activating the PTEN/AKT/VEGF signaling pathway. This strategy offers a promising approach for improving diabetic wound repair and provides a potential new therapeutic avenue in regenerative medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.