ReviewTheranostics2025
Sex bias in tumor immunity: insights from immune cells.
Review in Theranostics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex determines the natural killer cell-mediated immunity against pancreatic cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Chrono-immunotherapy in genitourinary oncology: From emerging evidence to clinical translation (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Targeting the DNA Damage Response in Cancer.MedComm · 2026Review
- Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction Independently Predicts Early Recurrence after Surgical Resection for Gallbladder Carcinoma without Hepaticojejunostomy: A Propensity-Weighted Cohort Study.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Gender Oncology: Rethinking Cancer Through a Sex- and Gender-Based Lens.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A pan-cancer single-cell atlas uncovers the role of sex hormones and chromosomes in sex-divergent reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Female sex is associated with improved survival after perioperative immunotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms and clinical impacts of sex differences in urologic cancers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Sex-based molecular and prognostic disparities in pan-cancer: an analysis across the global cohorts.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- A multidimensional investigation of myelosuppression associated with sintilimab: integrating pharmacovigilance signal mining with real-world clinical evidence.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming at the interface of chemoresistance and immune-cold tumor states.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Correlation between serum lactate dehydrogenase, βPakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tracking cancer hospitalizations: seventeen-year sex-specific trends in nationally representative hospitalization data on malignant neoplasms in Thailand (2007-2023).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Microbial biomarkers and sex-associated gut microbiota characteristics of thyroid cancer.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Cancer: From a Genetic Disorder to a Systemic Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Significant sex disparities have been observed in cancer incidence, treatment response to immunotherapy, and susceptibility to adverse effects, affecting both reproductive and non-reproductive organ cancers. While lifestyle factors, carcinogenic exposure, and healthcare access contribute to these disparities, they do not fully explain the observed male-female variation in anti-tumor immunity. Despite the preferential expression of sex hormone receptors in immune cells, X chromosome also contains numerous genes involved in immune function, and its incomplete inactivation may enhance anti-tumor immune responses in females. In contrast, loss or downregulation of Y-linked genes in males has been associated with an increased cancer risk. Additionally, estrogen, progesterone and androgen signaling pathways influence both innate and adaptive immune responses, contributing to sex-specific outcomes in cancer progression and therapy. Sex-biased differences are also evident in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, cellular senescence, microbiota composition, metabolism, and DNA damage response, all of which impact anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy treatment efficacy. In general, the combination of sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and hormone receptors orchestrates the phenotype and function of various immune cells involved in tumor immunity. However, sex disparity in each specific immune cell are context and environment dependent, considering the preferential expression of hormone receptor in immune cell and sex hormone levels fluctuate significantly across different life stages. This review aims to outline the molecular, cellular, and epigenetic changes in T cells, B cells, NK cells, DCs, neutrophils, and macrophages driven by sex chromosomes and sex hormone signaling. These insights may inform the design of sex-specific targeted therapies and leading to more individualized cancer treatment strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.