SynthesisBMC health services research2025
Policy models for preventative interventions in cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Microsimulation Models in Cardiometabolic Disease: Model Calibration and Validation.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Pooled it
- Policy models for preventative interventions in cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Potential impact of increasing physical activity on NCD mortality in the EU: pathways to SDG 3.4.1 by 2030.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Global burden of ischemic heart disease from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and predictions to 2030.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), are major contributors to morbidity, mortality, and rising healthcare costs. Effective disease prevention programs rely on robust mathematical models to generate long-term evidence regarding the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and policy implications of interventions in the population. Population-level interventions, such as dietary policies, are recognised as essential prevention strategies, yet there is limited syntheis of policy models assessing their impact. This study systematically reviews existing CMD policy models to provide: (i) a comprehensive overview of current models, and (ii) a critical appraisal of their application, particularly in the context of primordial prevention programmes.
methodsA systematic search was conducted across MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Open Grey. The search focused on publications from 1st January 2000, to 31st May 2024, using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for "cardiovascular," "diabetes," "decision model," and "policy model." Full-text articles were independently appraised independently by three reviewers using the Phillips et al. checklist, and the review process adhered to PRISMA guidelines.
resultsThirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Policy models were assessed across three domains: structure, data, and consistency. Most models (79%) demonstrated well-defined structures, aligning inputs and objectives with the stated perspective and initial justifications. However, fewer than 60% of studies clearly reported the quality of their data sources and provided clear information in terms of consistency. The reviewed studies employed diverse methodologies, including parameter incorporation, simulation modelling, and outcome analysis.
conclusionThe review highlights substantial heterogeneity in the quality, structure, and data use of policy models evaluating dietary interventions for CMD prevention. To advance CMD policy modeling, this study provides recommendations for improving conceptualisation, methodological rigor, and applicability to prevention programmes.
trial registrationRegistered protocol at PROSPERO: CRD42022354399.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.