SynthesisEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2025
Are Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Metabolically Inflexible? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Progressive Metabolic Dysregulation from Prediabetes to Diabetes Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sarcopenia and body temperature-the significance of interorgan metabolic networks in skeletal muscle atrophy.Endocrine journal · 2026Review
- Commentary on "Are Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Metabolically Inflexible? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimType 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by insulin resistance and possibly by impaired metabolic flexibility, the latter referring to the body's ability to switch between fuel sources. This review systematically examines metabolic flexibility, measured by changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (ΔRER) during hyperinsulinaemic clamps, across lean, overweight/obese, and T2D populations.
methodsA comprehensive search of PubMed identified 65 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, with 35 using a ~40 mU/m
resultsBasal RER values did not significantly differ across groups, but insulin-stimulated ΔRER was higher in lean individuals compared to overweight/obese and T2D groups (ΔRER values 0.10, 0.07 and 0.07, respectively; p = 0.037) indicating greater metabolic flexibility in the lean group. However, high statistical heterogeneity in the ΔRER within-group results (I
conclusionsThe review highlights the need for standardised data presentation in metabolic studies. Overall, metabolic flexibility appears more influenced by overweight status than T2D per se, challenging the notion of a distinct metabolic inflexibility threshold for T2D.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.