Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40318146›Full record

ReviewCancer medicine2025

Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Resistance Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advancements.

Rachana Raman, Shristi Debata, Thirupugal Govindarajan, Praveen Kumar

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cancer medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Hierarchical Targeting of TREM2Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Dihydroalterperylenol from endophytic fungusMolecular medicine reports · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Rachana RamanPhotoceutics and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Shristi DebataDepartment of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Thirupugal GovindarajanDepartment of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Praveen KumarPhotoceutics and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6330-7355

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most heterogeneous and menacing forms of breast cancer, with no sustainable cure available in the current treatment landscape. Its lack of targets makes it highly unresponsive to various treatment modalities, which is why chemotherapy continues to be the primary form of treatment, despite the high rates of patients developing chemoresistance. In recent years, however, there has been significant progress in identifying and understanding the role of several aspects that might contribute to genomic instability and other hallmarks of cancer, including cellular proteins, immune targets, and epigenetic mechanisms, which are desirable as they permit reversibility easier than the often-adamant genetic changes.

methodsA literature review was conducted on the role of various TNBC associated biomarkers, their therapeutic applications, and their role in tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance, with a focus on linking both the driving biological mechanisms and emerging treatment options for TNBC.

conclusionsShifting the focus of treatment to identify crucial tumor cell subpopulations and associated biomarkers, such as local immune cell populations and cancer stem cells, could potentially solve or simplify decades' worth of problems that are associated with TNBC, bolstering early detection and the evolution of precision medicine and treatment. The techniques that can be used here are epigenetic analysis and RNA sequencing. Biomarkers, such as PD-L1, survivin, and ABC transporters, are implicated in several crucial processes that maintain tumors, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and stemness. Complex treatment options such as, immunotherapy, pathway inhibition, PARP inhibition, virotherapy, and RNA targeting have been considered for TNBC. Phytochemicals are also being considered as a treatment modality for TNBC, as a supplement to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, or as sole treatment.

Indexed as

Antineoplastic AgentsBiomarkers, TumorDrug Resistance, NeoplasmTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsEpigenesis, GeneticFemaleHumansMolecular Targeted TherapyAntineoplastic AgentsBiomarkers, Tumorbiomarkerscancer stem cellsphytochemicalsplasticitysingle‐cell RNA sequencingtumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID40318146
PMCPMC12048392

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.