Active information sampling in health and disease.

Active information gathering is a fundamental cognitive process that enables organisms to navigate uncertainty and make adaptive decisions. Here we synthesise current knowledge on the behavioural, neural, and computational mechanisms underlying information sampling in healthy people and across several brain disorders. The role of cortical and subcortical regions spanning limbic, insular, fronto-parietal, and striatal systems is considered, along with the contributions of key neurotransmitters involving norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. We also examine how various clinical conditions, including schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Parkinson's disease have an impact on information gathering behaviours. To account for the findings, we outline a neuroeconomic perspective on how the brain may evaluate the costs and benefits of acquiring information to resolve uncertainty. This work highlights how active information gathering is a crucial brain process for adaptive behaviour in healthy individuals and how its breakdown is relevant to several psychiatric and neurological conditions. The findings have important implications for developing novel computational assays as well as targeted interventions in brain disorders.