ReviewMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2025
Definition and Classification of Dystonia.
Review in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Movement disorders in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome: a systematic review of the literature.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of neuromodulation in isolated dystonia: A systematic review of motor function improvement.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Monogenic Dystonia Symptoms: A Systematic Review.European journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Spectrum of Dystonia in Spinocerebellar Ataxia.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Pooled it
- Inhibitory Circuits of the Sensorimotor Network are Not Modulated By Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Isolated Cervical Dystonia.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Systematic mapping of abnormal brain function features in neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Genetic Etiologies of Dystonia with Anarthria/Aphonia.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Adult-Onset Dystonia Related to PRKRA (DYT16): A Predictor of Favorable Deep Brain Stimulation Outcome.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- GNAL-associated dystonia: clinical spectrum, genetic features, and genotype-phenotype correlations.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Focal Task-Specific Dystonia Beyond M1: Network Adaptations and a Causal-Architecture Taxonomy of Dystonia.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics of THAP1 related dystonia: a case report with phenotypic review.Neurogenetics · 2026Review
- Orofacial Drinking Tremor: A Case Series and Literature Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Review
- Reluctance to Video Recording in Functional Movement Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Acute and Chronic Local Field Potential Recordings in Dystonia-A Systematic Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Review
- Genetic assessment of consecutively recruited dystonia cases from a single center.Neurogenetics · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Musician's Dystonia: Long-Term-Effects and Influencing Factors.Toxins · 2026Article
- Update on Genetic Chorea.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- The Brain-Age Gap in Pediatric Dystonia: Neuroanatomical Deviations Inform Deep Brain Stimulation Outcomes.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Predictors of cognitive performance in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Prospective Study of Botulinum Toxin Effects on Nonmotor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Thai Patients With Craniocervical Dystonia.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder with varied clinical features and diverse etiologies. Here we present a revision of the 2013 consensus definition and classification of dystonia in light of subsequent publications and experience with its application during the last decade. A panel of movement disorder specialists with expertise in dystonia reviewed the original document and proposed some revision. There was broad consensus to retain the definition of dystonia with only minor clarifications to the wording. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent abnormal movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements and postures are typically patterned and repetitive and may be tremulous or jerky. They are often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and frequently associated with overflow movements. The two-axis structure for classification of the many different presentations of dystonia was also retained, with some revision. Axis I summarizes key clinical characteristics of dystonia, including age at onset, family history, body distribution, temporal dimensions, phenomenology, and whether dystonia is isolated or combined with other neurological or medical problems. Axis II organizes information regarding its etiological basis, including genetic, acquired, and anatomical, and common disease mechanisms. This consensus provides an update to the original definition and classification of dystonia with the aim of facilitating its clinical recognition and management. The revision retains the essence of the original proposal and aims particularly to provide a structure facilitating a uniform implementation. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.