ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
White matter hyperintensities, inflammation and cognitive impairments in drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Neuroimaging evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in psychiatric disorders: a review.Psychoradiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies have reported that white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with disturbances in immune function, and the relationship between WMHs and cognitive impairments have been documented in various clinical populations. The present study was to examine the relationship between WMHs, immune function, and cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia (SCH) remains unknown.
methodsA sample of 127 drug-naïve first episode SCH and 72 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Serum levels of cytokines and oxidative stress indices were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microtiter plate method. WMHs were assessed using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and cognitive performance was evaluated using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery.
resultsWe found patients with SCH are more likely to present with WMHs compared with HCs (OR = 2.076, 95%CI 1.007-4.277, p = 0.048). SCH with WMHs displayed more pronounced cognitive deficits in domains including speed of processing, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning, and problem-solving compared with patients without WMHs (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the volume of WMHs was negative correlated with the problem-solving score (r=-0.331, p = 0.042) in patients with SCH. Within the SCH group, patients with WMHs exhibited elevated levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), along with lower levels of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) compared with those without WMHs (p < 0.05). The mediation analyses demonstrated that serum levels of IFN-γ in SCH had fully indirect effects on cognitive function, mediated by the WMHs.
conclusionsThis study suggests that WMHs may play a vital mediating role in the relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairments in SCH. Future studies exploring the potential clinical utility of WMHs as biomarkers for early detection and intervention of SCH are warranted.
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