ArticleBMC public health2025
Can we convince the unvaccinated to vaccinate: lessons from COVID-19 vaccination.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- How the unvaccinated have been portrayed in the urban English-language Canadian popular press since the declared end of the COVID-19 pandemic emergency.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Knowledge of human papilloma virus and vaccine hesitancy among health sciences students in Türkiye.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the 7C Vaccination Readiness Scale: Evidence from Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccine hesitancy affects vaccine uptake. Despite initial reluctance to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in 2020, by 2021, many individuals chose to get vaccinated once vaccines became available, while others who had previously been willing to vaccinate changed their minds. In this study, we focused on people who did not follow-up on their intentions to (or not to) vaccinate and why.
methodsThis longitudinal study draws on data from a two-wave nationally representative survey of Americans from July 2020 (T1) and July/August 2021 (T2) to examine the factors that contribute to the COVID-19 vaccination-related intention-behavior gap, using multivariable logistic regression.
resultsBy T2, 52% of previously COVID-19 vaccine-hesitant individuals were vaccinated and 14% of previously pro-vaccine individuals remained unvaccinated. Among the vaccine-hesitant individuals, factors associated with vaccination included higher risk perception, general vaccine acceptance, being informed about the vaccines, endorsing less COVID-19 misinformation, confidence in scientists, and having health insurance. Among the pro-vaccine individuals, factors associated with being unvaccinated included lower risk perception, lower general vaccine acceptance, being less informed about the vaccines, partisan identification, lower confidence in scientists and not having health insurance.
conclusionThe study highlights the factors that explain intention-behavior gap in vaccination. We identified what explains individuals' intentions to vaccinate and their actual vaccination behavior one year later, as well as the potential to influence vaccine-hesitant individuals to vaccinate and pro-vaccine individuals from actualizing their vaccination intentions. Understanding these factors is essential in developing evidence-based strategic communications, which can help convince individuals to vaccinate and increase the uptake of COVID-19 as well as other adult vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.