Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40340949›Full record

Trial reportMedicine and science in sports and exercise2025

Cardiovascular Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control in Sedentary Young Adults: A 12-wk Randomized Controlled Trial.

Michal Remiszewski, Gabriela Rajtar, Zuzanna Komarek, Tomasz Pałka, Marcin Maciejczyk, Tomasz S Ligeza

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Michal RemiszewskiPsychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, POLAND.
Gabriela RajtarPsychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, POLAND.
Zuzanna KomarekInstitute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, POLAND.
Tomasz PałkaDepartment of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, POLAND.
Marcin MaciejczykDepartment of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, POLAND.
Tomasz S LigezaPsychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, POLAND.ORCID 0000-0002-2420-7204

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposePhysical exercise may enhance cognitive functions, including inhibitory control. Despite increasing evidence, there remains a need for robust evidence on long-term interventions targeting inhibition in healthy, sedentary young adults. We investigated the effects of a 12-wk cardiovascular exercise program on this population's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control.

methodsSedentary young adults were randomized into an experimental group ( n = 32) or a passive control group ( n = 30). The experimental group completed a cycling ergometer program consisting of 6 wk of moderate-intensity continuous exercise, followed by 6 wk of moderate- to high-intensity interval exercise. Inhibitory control was assessed at baseline (pretest), after 6 wk (midtest), and after the intervention (posttest) using a modified flanker task with EEG recordings. Assessed outcomes included response time (RT) and event-related potentials (the amplitude and latency of the N2 and P3b components).

resultsThe experimental group exhibited a progressive reduction in RT for incongruent trials across all time points (pretest to midtest, midtest to posttest, and pretest to posttest) without compromising accuracy. The control group showed RT reductions only from pretest to posttest, with a decline in overall accuracy. Neuroelectric analyses revealed decreased N2 amplitudes and faster P3b latencies in the experimental group from midtest to posttest during incongruent trials. The control group demonstrated increased N2 amplitudes from pretest to midtest and pretest to posttest during congruent trials.

conclusionsA 12-wk cardiovascular exercise intervention combining moderate-intensity continuous exercise and moderate- to high-intensity interval exercise enhances both behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control in sedentary young adults. These findings highlight the potential of exercise programs as an accessible and effective strategy for improving cognitive health, especially in healthy but sedentary adults.

Indexed as

ExerciseInhibition, PsychologicalSedentary BehaviorAdultElectroencephalographyEvoked PotentialsFemaleHigh-Intensity Interval TrainingHumansMaleReaction TimeYoung AdultCOGNITIONEVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS (ERP)FLANKER TASKN2P3PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Identifiers

PMID40340949
PMCPMC13007909

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.