ArticleCroatian medical journal2025
Metformin induces mitochondria-mediated and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis-related gene expression in breast cancer cells via targeting VEGF-A/VEGFR2/NRP1.
Article in Croatian medical journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metformin triggers apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Effects of Metformin Treatment Against Endometrial Cancer Cells Cultured In Vitro or Grafted into Female Balb/C Nude Mice: Insights into Cell Response and IGF-1R and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo investigate the apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of metformin in human MCF7 breast cancer cells.
methodsThe effect of metformin on cell viability was assessed by MTS and crystal violet assays, and its effect on cell migration was evaluated by the wound healing assay. The gene expression and protein levels of angiogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and flow cytometry.
resultsMetformin reduced the viability and migration of breast cancer cells compared with the control group. Furthermore, metformin (10 μM) increased the apoptosis-related gene and protein expression of caspase-3, Bax, AIF, CHOP and GRP78 48 hours after treatment compared with the control group. In contrast, it significantly decreased Bcl-2 and Wee1 gene and protein expression and suppressed angiogenesis-related genes VEGFA, VEGFR2, and NRP1.
conclusionsOur results suggest that metformin treatment activates apoptosis pathways and inactivates the angiogenesis pathway. Although this study was conducted in vitro and did not directly evaluate blood vessel formation, the observed downregulation of angiogenesis-related genes suggests potential anti-angiogenic activity of metformin at the gene expression level.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40343434PMC12093123What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.