ArticleACR open rheumatology2025
Soluble Co-Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules Are Increased in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica Without Significant Correlations With Clinical Status: A Case-Control Study.
Article in ACR open rheumatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparing immune-checkpoint inhibitor-mediated inflammatory arthritis to polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective cohort study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Observational
- A matter arising: When should inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases be considered 'early'?European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Uncovering the New Biology of Giant Cell Arteritis to Guide Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Dynamic macrophage phenotypes in autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveA dysregulated immune response is involved in the pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). These diseases have been reported as immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoints inhibitors. In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) and clinical/imaging features of PMR and GCA was investigated.
methodsConsecutive patients with PMR diagnosed according to the criteria by Bird et al were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Patients with PMR and overlapping GCA had to also satisfy the 1990 ACR classification criteria for GCA. All patients underwent standardized clinical, laboratory examination, and
resultsForty patients (80% women, mean age 76 years, and mean disease duration 88 days) were assessed. Of these, 30 had isolated PMR and 10 had PMR with GCA. Patients showed significantly higher concentrations of all sICMs compared with controls (P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression revealed the strong discriminative capacity of these molecules between patients and healthy controls, with PD-1 showing complete separation among groups (effect size = 0.78) and PD-L1 (odds ratio [OR] 134.33, P < 0.001) and PD-L2 (OR 63.00, P < 0.001) demonstrating the strongest ability to distinguish patients from controls. Correlations between sICM levels and clinical features were generally weak or absent, with no significant differences based on disease phenotype or glucocorticoid exposure. Results were similar in glucocorticoid-naive patients.
conclusionsICMs are significantly elevated in PMR and GCA and strongly differentiate patients from healthy controls. Although they do not correlate with clinical or imaging features, their consistent elevation in active disease might suggest a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.