ArticleAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council2025
Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Hypertension Disease.
Article in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multivariable Associations of Anthropometric and Psychosocial Markers with an Elevated Abdominal Volume Index Among University Students: A Sex- and Academic Program-Stratified Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Window Into Prenatal Hormonal Influences on Exocrine Autoimmunity.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait thought to reflect prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D has been proposed as a potential biomarker for various adult diseases, and evidence suggests that it may also predict cardiovascular disease risk. This study aimed to ascertain the 2D:4D of both hands in patients with hypertension and to determine whether there were any differences between this ratio and that of a control group.
methodsThe study was carried out on 400 subjects with a hypertension diagnosis, 200 males and 200 females, and the same number of 400 healthy subjects. 2D:4D was calculated by measuring the lengths of both hands' second and fourth fingers for males and females. The height, weight, and mean body mass index were also calculated for the hypertension and control groups.
resultsThe mean BMI was significantly higher in the hypertension group, in the overweight category, whereas it was in the normal weight category in the control group (p < 0.001). The 2D:4D was significantly higher in both males and females with hypertension compared to controls. In males, the 2D:4D was elevated in both the right and left hands in the hypertension group compared to controls (p = 0.001). A similar trend was observed in females, with significantly higher 2D:4D in both hands in the hypertension group (p < 0.001).
conclusionThe 2D:4D may be regarded as a significant factor in determining a person's risk of hypertension from birth, allowing those in the risk group to lead more preventive lives.
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