SynthesisBMC pregnancy and childbirth2025
Human milk composition in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal characteristics associated with ovalbumin concentrations in breast milk.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Trial
- Article
- Lactose quantification in human breast milk by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.MethodsX · 2026Article
- Impact of maternal hypothyroidism on human milk macronutrient content and fatty acid composition: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association of maternal diet with human milk fatty acid and macronutrient composition: a Saudi cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Antioxidant Capacity of Colostrum of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent pregnancy disorder. In recent years, numerous studies have affirmed the augmented risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus in the offspring of affected individuals. Exclusive breastfeeding has been vigorously advocated as an infant feeding practice in various countries. We aimed to test our hypothesis that human milk of women with gestational diabetes differs from that of non-GDM women.
methodsFor this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science databases, and citations for studies published between Jan 1,2000 and Sep 26, 2024. We included all studies related to human milk macronutrients. We did separate meta-analyses for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and energy of the colostrum and mature human milk. All analyses were performed using Revman 5.4.1 (Review Manager). The quality of the evidence was assessed with the NOS scale. Registration does not apply.
findingsOf 377 records identified, 9 records were available, all of which had a moderate to high quality. Compared to non-GDM women, the colostrum of GDM women exhibited a higher protein content (MD = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00~0.07, P = 0.03), while there were no significant disparities in carbohydrates, lipids, and energy. Simultaneously, the mature human milk of GDM women had a higher protein content (MD = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00~0.02, P = 0.007) and a higher lipid content (MD = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08~0.31, P = 0.001), with no significant differences in carbohydrates and energy.
interpretationThere are many factors affecting the composition of human milk and fewer studies have been conducted on the composition of human milk. More high-quality studies are needed to validate the relationship between macronutrients in colostrum and carbohydrate in mature milk content with GDM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.