ArticlePeerJ2025
Oral health status, oral hygiene behaviors, and caries risk assessment of individuals with special needs: a comparative study of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.
Article in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oral Health in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals: Addressing Widespread Global Health Barriers Through Emerging Digital Technologies-A Comprehensive Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Aging and caries experience in adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of oral health conditions among children with special health care needs using clinical records.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Modified CAMBRA Protocol for Caries Risk Assessment in Children Aged 6 to 14 Years.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Individuals with disabilities often experience greater challenges in managing oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal conditions, due to functional limitations. This study aims to: (1) assess the oral health status of disabled individuals in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, (2) evaluate their oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors, and (3) determine their caries risk using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 189 participants aged 13 years and older, including both young people and adults with hearing, visual, or intellectual disabilities from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia between September 2023 and April 2024. The participants were recruited from the Institute of Special Education, Pakistan, and the Saudi Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saudi Arabia. Intraoral examinations and bitewing radiographs assessed oral health, including Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Gingival Index, visible plaque, and molar alignment. A self-administered questionnaire gathered sociodemographic data and evaluated oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors. Caries risk was analyzed using the CAMBRA tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression. Results: The mean DMFT score was 6.30 (SD = 1.83), with a statistically significant difference between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia ( Conclusion: The disabled individuals in both countries face significant oral health challenges, with high caries risk and poor oral hygiene practices. Targeted preventive measures and improved dental care access are essential to addressing these disparities.
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