Evidence mapPaperPMID 40355253Full record

ArticleArchives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition2025

Effect of gestational age on special education: a population-based matched cohort analysis.

Tessa de Baat, Anita C J Ravelli, Cornelieke S H Aarnoudse-Moens, Ameen Abu-Hanna, Aleid G Leemhuis

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Tessa de BaatDepartment of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands t.debaat@amsterdamumc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-8467
Anita C J RavelliDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive and Development, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Cornelieke S H Aarnoudse-MoensDepartment of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ameen Abu-HannaDepartment of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Aleid G LeemhuisDepartment of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo investigate the effect of gestational age on special education use at primary school age, and to examine specific groups with elevated risk. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: Population-based matched cohort study linking data from the Dutch national perinatal registry (PERINED) of all singleton surviving children without major congenital abnormalities, born between 25

main outcome measuresUse of special education at primary school age.

results1 814 540 children were included. Overall prevalence of special education was 6.6%, with highest rates in children born at 25 weeks (34.7%) and lowest at 40 weeks (5.7%). Elevated adjusted ORs for special education compared with the reference of 40 weeks were found in all gestational age groups (25-29 weeks, 30-31 weeks, 32-36 weeks, 37-39 weeks and 41-42 weeks), with the highest adjusted OR (3.50 (95% CI, 3.26 to 3.77)) in children born at 25-29 weeks. Comparable ORs were obtained after 1 to 1 exact matching with controls born at 40 weeks. Low maternal education, male sex, small for gestational age and 5-min Apgar score<7 increased special education use at week 25 and above.

conclusionThere is a strong inverse effect of gestational age on special education use in this complete nationwide, decennium birth cohort. Increased risk of special education use is still present in late preterms and those born at early-term or post-term.

Indexed as

Education, SpecialGestational AgeChildCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMaleNetherlandsRegistriesRisk FactorsEpidemiologyNeonatology

Identifiers

PMID40355253
PMCPMC12772590

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.