SynthesisNature genetics2025
Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Abstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Nature genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advancements in the Understanding of the Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- "It Doesn't Matter Where OCD Comes From," or Does It?Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Advancements in the Assessment and Treatment of Pediatric OCD.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Are There Causal Associations Between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Cardiometabolic Phenotypes? A Genetic Correlation and Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2026Article
- Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of body mass index in a large multicenter obsessive-compulsive disorder sample.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2026Article
- Pleiotropic shared heritability quantifies the shared genetic variance of common diseases.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Functional connectivity density alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with neurotransmitter and genetic profiles.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Directional genetic relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Rare protein-disrupting variants inmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A unified theory of restrictive and addictive eating: a life course model integrating generational transmission, neurodevelopmental risk, and ultra-processed food use disorder-a theoretical review.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Review
- Distinct Neonatal Brain Anatomy Is Associated With Cross-Disorder Genetic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Distinct neural substrates of obsessions and compulsions in adolescent obsessive compulsive disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Black EquaLity in OCD NeuroGenomics (BELONG): Study Protocol.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2026Article
- Rare Variants in Antisense Long Noncoding RNA-Protein-Coding Gene Overlap Regions Contribute to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Review
- The predicament of heritable confounders.Nature genetics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
210 authors.
Nora I Strom *Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. nora.strom@hu-berlin.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5261-8852
Zachary F Gerring *Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Translational Neurogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-1266
Marco Galimberti *Department of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-156X
Dongmei Yu *Department of Center for Genomic Medicine, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-4365
Matthew W HalvorsenDepartment of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Abdel AbdellaouiDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-6784
Cristina Rodriguez-FontenlaCenter for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-6393
Julia M SealockVanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Tim BigdeliDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Jonathan R ColemanSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0944
Behrang MahjaniDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-9537
Jackson G ThorpMental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-6417
Katharina BeyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-4997
Christie L BurtonDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-6528
Jurjen J LuykxDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774
Gwyneth ZaiMolecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Silvia AlemanyPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-6767
Christine AndreObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Kathleen D AsklandDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Julia BäckmanCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nerisa BanajLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6317-8549
Cristina BarlassinaDepartment of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
Judith Becker NissenDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark.
O Joseph BienvenuDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, General Hospital Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Donald BlackDepartments of Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Michael H BlochDepartment of Child Study Center and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Sigrid BørteDepartment of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-3256
Rosa BoschDepartment of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7596-183X
Michael BreenDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Brian P BrennanObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Helena BrentaniDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5192-4682
Joseph D BuxbaumDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-8313
Jonas Bybjerg-GrauholmDepartment for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1705-4008
Enda M ByrneChild Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9491-7797
Judit Cabana-DominguezPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4732-7284
Beatriz CamarenaPharmacogenetics Department, Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, México.
Adrian CamarenaDepartment of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Carolina CappiDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
Angel CarracedoCiMUS, Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Miguel CasasPrograma MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
Maria Cristina CavalliniDepartment of Psychiatry, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
Valentina CiulloLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Edwin H CookDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5848-5114
Jesse CrosbyObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Bernadette A CullenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Elles J De SchipperCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Richard DelormeChild and Adolesccent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Paris, France.
Srdjan DjurovicDepartment of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8140-8061
Jason A EliasPsychiatry, McLean Hospital OCDI, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
Xavier EstivillqGenomics (Quantitative Genomics Laboratories), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
Martha J FalkensteinObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Bengt T FundinDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Lauryn GarnerObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Christina GirondaObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Fernando S GoesDepartment of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8264
Marco A GradosDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jakob GroveDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-5744
Wei GuoGenetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Jan HaavikDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-2808
Kristen HagenDepartment of Psychiatry, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway.
Kelly HarringtonMillion Veteran Program (MVP) Coordinating Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
Alexandra HavdahlPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-0423
Kira D HöfflerDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-1469
Ana G HounieDepartment of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Donald HucksDepartment of Medicine, Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Christina HultmanDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Magdalena JaneckaDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Eric JenikeObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Elinor K KarlssonDepartment of Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Kara KelleyObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Julia KlawohnDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Janice E KrasnowDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Kristi KrebsEstonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2751
Christoph LangeDepartment of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Nuria LanzagortaResearch Department, Grupo Medico Carracci, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6769-6813
Daniel LeveyDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9569
Kerstin Lindblad-TohDepartment of Vertebrate Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-0253
Fabio MacciardiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Brion MaherDepartment of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-0064
Brittany MathesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Evonne McArthurVanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Nathaniel McGregorCOBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-4993
Nicole C McLaughlinDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Sandra MeierDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Euripedes C MiguelDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-3103
Maureen MulhernDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Paul S NestadtDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-703X
Erika L NurmiDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Kevin S O'ConnellDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6865-8795
Lisa OsieckiDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Olga Therese OusdalDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Teemu PalviainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-8384
Nancy L PedersenDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Fabrizio PirasLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Federica PirasDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-7038
Sriramya PotluriObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Raquel RabionetDepartment of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-8140
Alfredo RamirezDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763X
Scott RauchDepartment of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
Abraham ReichenbergDepartment of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
Mark A RiddleDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Stephan RipkeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-835X
Maria C RosárioDepartment of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
Aline S SampaioDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
Miriam A SchieleDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Anne Heidi SkogholtDepartment of Public Health and Nursing, HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-0405
Laura G SloofmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-4378
Jan SmitDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Locaion VUmc, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
María Soler ArtigasPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-1107
Laurent F ThomasDepartment of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0548-2486
Eric TifftObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Homero ValladaDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nathanial van KirkOCD Institute, Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1975-4238
Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeeleDepartment of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Nienke N VulinkDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Christopher P WalkerHuman Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-0184
Ying WangDepartment of Neurology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jens R WendlandLaboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-5013
Bendik S WinsvoldDepartment of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-8919
Yin YaoDepartment of Computional Biology, Institute of Life Science, Fudan University, Fudan, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-8429
Hang ZhouDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-6391
Estonian Biobank
23andMe Inc.
Arpana AgrawalDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-793X
Pino AlonsoDepartment of Psychiatry, OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
Götz BerberichPsychosomatic Department, Windach Hospital of Neurobehavioural Research and Therapy, Windach, Germany.
Kathleen K BucholzDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
Cynthia M BulikDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-3264
Danielle CathDepartments of Rijksuniversiteit Groningen and Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Damiaan DenysDepartment of Psychiatry, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Valsamma EapenDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6296-8306
Howard EdenbergDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-9690
Peter FalkaiDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-2290
Thomas V FernandezChild Study Center and Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-022X
Abby J FyerDepartment of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-2505
J M GazianoDepartment of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
Dan A GellerDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-4156
Hans J GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Benjamin D GreenbergCOBRE Center on Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
Gregory L HannaDepartment of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0742-6990
Ian B HickieBrain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-9895
David M HougaardDepartment for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3517
Norbert KathmannDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
James KennedyDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-3806
Dongbing LaiDepartment of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7803-580X
Mikael LandénDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-6451
Stéphanie Le HellardDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-051X
Marion LeboyerDepartment of Addictology and Psychiatry, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AP-HP, Inserm, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-3697
Christine LochnerDepartment of Psychiatry, SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
James T McCrackenDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Sarah E MedlandDepartment of Mental Health, Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Preben B MortensenCenter for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-9865
Benjamin M NealeStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-6077
Humberto NicoliniDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, México.
Merete NordentoftMental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Michele PatoDepartment of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Carlos PatoDepartment of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
David L PaulsDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
John PiacentiniDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Christopher PittengerDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Danielle PosthumaDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-2365
Josep Antoni Ramos-QuirogaDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-0350
Steven A RasmussenDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Margaret A RichterDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
David R RosenbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Stephan RuhrmannDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6022-2364
Jack F SamuelsDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Sven SandinDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4884
Paul SandorDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-0758
Gianfranco SpallettaLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
S Evelyn StewartDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Eric A StorchDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Barbara E StrangerDepartment of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-7331
Maurizio TurielDepartment of Cardiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Thomas WergeInstitute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services (RHP), Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0766
Ole A AndreassenInstitute of Clinical Medicine, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Anders D BørglumDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-7219
Susanne WalitzaDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Kristian HveemHUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
Bjarne K HansenBergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Christian RückCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nicholas G MartinDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Lili MilaniEstonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-3102
Ole MorsPsychosis Research Unit, Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Ted Reichborn-KjennerudDepartment of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Marta RibasésPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-1116
Gerd KvaleDepartment of Mental Health, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
David Mataix-ColsCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-0924
Katharina DomschkeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9132
Edna GrünblattDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8505-7265
Michael WagnerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
John-Anker ZwartHUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-0154
Gerome BreenSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatric Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Gerald NestadtDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-5249
Jaakko KaprioFIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2455
Paul D ArnoldDepartment of Psychiatry, the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Dorothy E GriceDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8833-2549
James A KnowlesDepartment of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Helga AskPsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-5319
Karin J VerweijDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7821
Lea K DavisDepartment of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-2282
Dirk J SmitDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-8860
James J CrowleyCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-1557
Jeremiah M ScharfDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Murray B SteinPsychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Joel GelernterDepartment of Psychiatry, Human Genetics (Psychiatry), Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
Carol A MathewsPsychiatry and Genetics Institute, Evelyn F. and William L. Mc Knight Brain Institute, Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Eske M DerksDepartment of Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6292-6883
Manuel MattheisenDepartment of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. manuel.mattheisen@dal.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-493X
Funding
Subject CollectionU10AA008401 · NIAAA · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI JAY Arnold TISCHFIELD · 1989 to 2026
$162.7MVanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) -Identifying correlates of functional immunity in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasmaUL1TR002243 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Paul A. Harris, Wesley H Self · 2017 to 2026
$130.7MVANDERBILT UNIVERSITY CTSA FOR PEDIATRIC RESEARCHUL1RR024975 · NCRR · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2007 to 2011
$45.7MThe Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR)UL1TR000445 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2012 to 2016
$41.4MPharmacogenomics of Arrhythmia TherapyU19HL065962 · NHLBI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI RODEN, DAN M · 2010 to 2014
$17.4MUnderstanding and preventing HLA-associated drug reactionsP50GM115305 · NIGMS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI DENNY, JOSHUA C. · 2015 to 2019
$13.0MMultimodal Investigation of Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalances and Network Dysfunction Related to Motor Control in OCD Youth: ùH fMRS and fMRI ApplicationsR01MH059299 · NIMH · WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY · PI DIWADKAR, VAIBHAV A., ROSENBERG, DAVID R · 1999 to 2025
$11.1MThe Genetic Epemiology of Multiple SclerosisR01NS032830 · NINDS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI HAINES, JONATHAN L · 1995 to 2010
$8.9MEpidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE)U01HG004798 · NHGRI · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI CRAWFORD, DANA C · 2008 to 2013
$8.8MIntegrating Common and Rare Variation to Discover Genes Associated with Tourette SyndromeR01NS102371 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI MATHEWS, CAROL A, OPHOFF, ROEL A · 2018 to 2022
$7.4MFAMILY STUDY OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDERR01MH050214 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI NESTADT, GERALD · 1995 to 2005
$6.6MOCD Collaborative Genetics Association StudyR01MH071507 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI NESTADT, GERALD · 2007 to 2010
$6.5MBLRD VA IK2 BX005058CSRD VA I01 CX001849HSRD VA IP1 HX002375NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR025141NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR024975NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004798NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG006378NHLBI NIH HHS U19 HL065962NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA026364NIAAA NIH HHS U10 AA008401NIA NIH HHS R56 AG068026NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD074711NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA054869NIGMS NIH HHS P50 GM115305NIGMS NIH HHS RC2 GM092618NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM080178NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH066284NIMH NIH HHS K99 MH128540NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH050214NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH058376NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH059299NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH071507NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH079487NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH079488NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH079489NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH079494NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH085321NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH093381NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH101493NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH103657NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH105500NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110427NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH113362NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH114927NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124679NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124851NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124871NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124873NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH109938NIMH NIH HHS R56 MH120736NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS032830NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS102371NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS105746
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects ~1% of children and adults and is partly caused by genetic factors. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis combining 53,660 OCD cases and 2,044,417 controls and identified 30 independent genome-wide significant loci. Gene-based approaches identified 249 potential effector genes for OCD, with 25 of these classified as the most likely causal candidates, including WDR6, DALRD3 and CTNND1 and multiple genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. We estimated that ~11,500 genetic variants explained 90% of OCD genetic heritability. OCD genetic risk was associated with excitatory neurons in the hippocampus and the cortex, along with D
Indexed as
Genetic LociGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyObsessive-Compulsive DisorderAdultCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMalePolymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.