ArticleNutrients2025
The Meal Type Rather than the Meal Sequence Affects the Meal Duration, Number of Chews, and Chewing Tempo.
Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- High Reproducibility and Agreement of Meal Duration, Number of Chews, and Chewing Tempo Measured with a Standardized Test Meal.Nutrients · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimObese individuals are often said to eat fast. Given that obese individuals are often reported to consume fast food more frequently, we hypothesized that fast food can be eaten more quickly. This study aimed to examine the effects of meal type on meal duration, considering meal sequence.
methodsMeal duration, number of chews and bites, and chewing tempo were measured among 41 participants (18 males, 23 females; average age, 41.1 years) using two meals: pizza (301 kcal) and hamburger steak bento (hamburger, rice and broccoli, 304 kcal; two eating sequences: vegetables first or last).
resultsCompared with pizza, bento meals (vegetables first or last) were associated with longer meal durations (sec) (mean differences in pizza-bento (vegetable first): -182 [-245.6, -118.9],
conclusionsMeal type affected meal duration, the number of chews, and the chewing tempo, independent of meal sequence. To eat more slowly, it is important to pay attention to the meal type.
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Registered trials
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