ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
The immune tolerance role of Bregs in inhibiting human inflammatory diseases, with a focus on diabetes mellitus.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Regulatory B Cells at the Crossroads of Epigenetic Control and Immune Homeostasis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Regulatory B cells: heterogeneity, immunosuppressive networks, and contributions to autoimmune pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Multi-Omics Identification of Key Immune Molecules in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: FKBP5 and HLA-DQA1 as Candidate Biomarkers.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- An Italian multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus on new insights about the clinical relevance of Pidotimod.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- The gut-immune axis in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): a paradigm shifts in treatment approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Luteolin as a multifaceted immunomodulator: insights into its effects on diverse immune cell populations and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are pivotal modulators of immune tolerance, suppressing inflammation through cytokine secretion and cellular interactions. Their role is particularly significant in inflammatory diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM), where immune dysregulation contributes to disease progression. In T1DM, Bregs mitigate β-cell autoimmunity via IL-10 production and FOXP3-mediated pathways, but genetic mutations and dysfunctions in these mechanisms exacerbate autoimmunity. In T2DM, chronic inflammation and metabolic stress impair Breg numbers and function, further fueling insulin resistance. While Bregs play a central role in T1DM by directly preventing β-cell destruction, their role in T2DM is more supportive, modulating inflammation in metabolically stressed tissues. Emerging therapeutic strategies aim to enhance Breg function through IL-10 induction, ex vivo expansion, or targeting Breg-specific pathways using gene-editing and small molecules. Future research should explore Breg heterogeneity, novel markers, and personalized therapies to unlock their full potential. Understanding and leveraging the immune tolerance role of Bregs may offer transformative strategies to inhibit inflammatory diseases like diabetes mellitus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.