ArticleGlobal heart2025
National and Subnational Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Iran from 1990 to 2021: Results from Global Burden of Diseases 2021 study.
Article in Global heart, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Depression, health anxiety, and five-year mortality after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the SEMI-CI cohort.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic multimorbidity prevalence and its socio-demographic determinants among Iranian adults: insights from the nationwide STEPS 2021.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Analysis of inequality in cardiovascular mortality in Isfahan County: a retrospective registry-based study of social and demographic determinants.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Events and Predictors in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study: A 20-Year Cohort Review .International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Equity in the distribution of general practitioners and specialists in Iran: a health needs-adjusted analysis using the Robin Hood index (2006-2019).Human resources for health · 2026Article
- Article
- Cardiovascular health metrics among an Iranian population: insights from life's essential 8.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Intensive blood pressure control to prevent major cardiovascular events in individuals with high-normal blood pressure (prehypertension): PRINT-TAHA9 randomized clinical trial.Clinical hypertension · 2026Article
- Suboptimal heart rate control despite beta-blocker use in coronary artery disease: evidence from the Fasa PERSIAN cohort.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Burden and trends of cardiovascular diseases attributable to high LDL-C in China, 1990-2021: an age-period-cohort analysis with projectioans to 2050.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: In 2021, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) caused around 20.5 million deaths worldwide, making them a major health concern. Methods: Incidence, prevalence, death, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were the burden measures that were assessed. All measures are reported as both all-age numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). Decomposition analysis was conducted on CVD incidence. Results: From 1990 to 2021, all-age CVD prevalence in Iran increased by 182.6% (2.9 to 8.3 million cases), with males consistently showing higher age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) than females (11,350 vs. 9,431 per 100,000 in 2021). ASPR remained stable nationally (9,956 to 10,386 per 100,000), peaking in adults ≥80 years. Incident cases rose by 159.6% (0.36 to 0.92 million), driven by population growth (49.5%) and aging (136.2%), while age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) declined by 28.3% (1,337 to 1,197 per 100,000); with males (1,336) exhibiting higher rates than females (1,060) in 2021. All age deaths doubled (86,527 to 169,582) during this period, but age-standardized death rates (ASDR) decreased substantially by 42.97% (446 to 255 per 100,000). DALYs increased by 53.7% (2.4 to 3.7 million), though age-standardized DALY rates dropped 45.3% (9,096 to 4,977 per 100,000), dominated by ischemic heart disease (2,731 ASR) and stroke (1,229 ASR). High systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, and LDL cholesterol remained the leading contributors to DALYs nationwide. Conclusion: Iran's rising CVD burden demands prioritizing cardiac care infrastructure in underserved provinces like Golestan, enforcing sodium reduction policies aligned with Iran's existing trans-fat regulations, and integrating sex-specific programs such as tobacco control for males and community hypertension screening for women are critical. Multisectoral collaboration, including urban design promoting physical activity and subsidies for whole grains, must address provincial inequities exacerbated by Iran's aging population and dietary risks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.