SynthesisFrontiers in oncology2025
Risk factors for breast cancer: an umbrella review of observational cohort studies and causal relationship analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mapping Psychosocial Determinants for Cancer Onset: An Umbrella Review.Psycho-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Role of micronutrients, phytochemicals, and lipid metabolism in mammary gland development, lactation efficiency, and breast cancer risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To conduct an umbrella review of prospective meta-analyses and perform a causal relationship analysis to evaluate causal effects. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and manual reference list searches were used from database inception to July 27, 2023. Meta-analyses of prospective studies on non-genetic risk factors for breast cancer incidence were included. Overlapping articles were assessed using corrected coverage area. We utilized the AMSTAR-2 criteria to evaluate methodological quality and graded each meta-analysis to assess the strength of evidence. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023470151). We further explored the causal impacts. Results: Risk factors were classified into 11 categories. Among the 281 meta-analyses of cohort studies, five (1.8%) provided strong evidence, eight (2.8%) indicated highly suggestive evidence, and 23 (8.2%) and 55 (19.6%) showed suggestive and weak evidence, respectively. Breast density (2.89; 2.57-3.25), cardiac glycoside (1.39; 1.33-1.45), atrial fibrillation (1.18; 1.14-1.22), vegetable-fruit-soybean dietary pattern (0.87; 0.83-0.92), and postmenopausal women with BMI ≥25 (0.86; 0.81-0.91) were strongly associated with breast cancer incidence. For all associations graded as weak evidence or higher, further confirmed the causal relationship between BMI, fruit intake, calcium channel blockers, cheese intake, insulin like growth factor-1 levels, serum triglyceride levels causally. Discussion: Identifying primary risk factors is crucial for delineating high-risk populations among women, facilitating tailored prevention strategies and advancing investigations into underlying mechanisms. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023470151.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.