ReviewPharmacological research2025
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS): More than an inducible enzyme? Rethinking the classification of NOS isoforms.
Review in Pharmacological research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2) Expression in Healthy and Inflamed Bowel: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Circulating Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase on the First Postpartum Day: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Its Association with Maternal Age, Redox-Relevant Haematological and Lipid Markers, and Postnatal Depression Screening.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intestinal Epithelial-Protective Effects ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles' Acute and Subacute Oral Toxic Effects on Pancreas in Adult Male Albino Rats.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Urea cycle dysregulation and arginine pathways in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Investigation of Genetic Polymorphisms in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Genes and Pain After Root Canal Treatment.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Reference Values for Biochemical Analytes in An Iranian Population: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- A synergistic deep learning and machine learning framework for screening heterocyclic compounds against ALDH1A1.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Comparative study of the role of nitric oxide in the regulation of food intake across vertebrates.Journal of veterinary science · 2026Review
- Nitric oxide-dependent stabilization of vimentin confers chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Differential Associations of Oxidative Biomarkers with Symptomatic and Systolic Severity in Heart Failure.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vasorelaxant Effects of BPC 157 in Human Internal Mammary Artery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Regulatory interplay between nitric oxide and heme in redox signaling and inflammation.Redox biology · 2026Review
- From Activity Screening to Quality Control: UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Cyclodipeptides inMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Life-Course Regulation of Health and Disease by Nitric Oxide: Mechanistic Insights.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Anti-Neuroinflammatory Naphtho-Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Gut Lachnospiraceae improves white matter injury-related cognitive decline by increasing L-arginine.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Article
- The role of nitric oxide in hypertensive target organ damage in patients without renal impairment: insights from left ventricular global longitudinal strain and albuminuria.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-20: Implications for Trichomoniasis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nitric Oxide Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathology: Mechanisms, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical signaling molecule synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The three NOS isoforms-neuronal NOS (nNOS; NOS1), inducible NOS (iNOS; NOS2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS; NOS3)-have traditionally been classified as either constitutive (nNOS and eNOS) or inducible (iNOS). However, this binary classification oversimplifies their functions, particularly by neglecting the physiological roles of iNOS and misrepresenting its involvement in pathological processes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that all three isoforms can exhibit both constitutive and inducible expression. Notably, iNOS is constitutively expressed at low levels in several tissues, including blood, heart, bone marrow, lung, brain, spinal cord, retina, colonic mucosa, liver, ileum, skeletal muscle, epidermis, adipose tissue, endometrium, ovary, and kidney under normal physiological conditions, a form we refer to as constitutive iNOS (ciNOS). This basal expression contributes to essential functions such as heart rate regulation, respiratory exchange, and microbiome balance in the gut. Moreover, in certain pathological contexts, iNOS may exert protective rather than harmful effects, challenging the prevailing view that it is solely a pro-inflammatory mediator. Current drug development strategies targeting NOS are largely based on the outdated dichotomy of constitutive "physiologic" versus inducible "pathologic" isoforms, focusing primarily on iNOS inhibition. The failure of iNOS inhibitors in most clinical trials highlights the limitations of this approach. To address these gaps, we propose a revised nomenclature that incorporates both gene expression mode (constitutive vs. inducible) and discovery order, offering a more nuanced framework for understanding NOS isoforms in both health and disease.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.