ArticleEye (London, England)2025
Risk of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research design concerns in a retrospective cohort study of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Comment on 'Risk of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders'.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesIndividuals with a psychiatric disease have been reported to have structural variations in the retina, but how this affects retinal disease risk and vision loss is poorly understood. This study evaluated the risk of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders. SUBJECTS/
methodsAn exploratory retrospective cohort study was conducted through a federated health research network that aggregates de-identified EHR data of over 95 million individuals across 50 healthcare organizations. Individuals ages 50-89 were identified for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), retinal disease, and visual impairment defined by vision loss or blindness using ICD-10 codes. Individuals were propensity score matched (PSM) on age, sex, race, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemias. Risk ratio calculation and statistical analyses were conducted through the network's analytics tool utilizing 95% confidence intervals.
resultsAfter PSM, the schizophrenia cohort had 160,414 matched individuals (average age 65), 391,440 in the BD cohort (64), and 1,962,380 in the MDD cohort (67). A recorded diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with a decreased likelihood of having a retinal disease diagnosis, while recorded diagnoses of BD and MDD were associated with an increased likelihood. Across all psychiatric disorders, individuals with a retinal disease diagnosis had an increased risk of visual impairment compared to individuals with a retinal disease alone.
conclusionRecorded diagnoses of BD and MDD were associated with an increased likelihood of having a retinal disease diagnosis. Across all psychiatric disorders, individuals with a concurrent retinal disease were more likely to have a visual impairment diagnosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.