Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40410273›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Predicting cardiovascular risk with hybrid ensemble learning and explainable AI.

Pooja Shah, Madhu Shukla, Neel H Dholakia, Himanshu Gupta

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

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  18. Leveraging artificial intelligence for cardiovascular risk: a primary care perspective.Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Pooja ShahDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
Madhu ShuklaDepartment of CSE - AI, ML & DS, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India.
Neel H DholakiaDepartment of CSE - AI, ML & DS, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India.
Himanshu GuptaDepartment of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India. himanshu.gupta@manipal.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still one of the leading causes of death globally, underscoring the importance of early and right risk prediction for effective preventive measures and therapeutic approaches. This study proposes an innovative hybrid ensemble learning framework that combines state-of-the-art machine learning models and explainable AI approaches to risk prediction for cardiovascular disease. Using a range of publicly accessible datasets, the suggested structure incorporates Gradient Boosting, CatBoost, and Neural Networks using a stacked ensemble architecture, resulting in more robust predictive performance than the constituent models. This is particularly interesting when visualised through techniques such as SHAP values, t-SNE and PCA projections which allows the study to explore the multidimensional aspects of the relationships between key risk factors including systolic/diastolic blood pressure, BMI, cholesterol-glucose ratio, alongside various lifestyle parameters. They build further on model interpretability through explainable AI methods so that clinicians can observe the involvement of each feature in generating the predictions. The hybrid model demonstrated strong predictive performance with an AUC-ROC score of 0.82, and confusion matrices showing a well-balanced classification of both positive and negative cases - achieving Precision: 81%, Recall: 83%, and F1-Score: 82% on the test dataset. The results highlight the potential of ensemble learning for addressing complex medical prediction problems and the need for models to be interpretable to ensure the trustworthiness of AI systems in healthcare settings. These findings provide an exciting opportunity toward better models of CVD risk prediction, potentially providing healthcare stakeholders with interpretable means to target treatments.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesMachine LearningEnsemble LearningHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansNeural Networks, ComputerRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsROC CurveCardiovascular risk predictionExplainable AIHybrid ensemble learningMultidimensional feature analysisSHAP Analysis

Identifiers

PMID40410273
PMCPMC12102235

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.