Lipoprotein(a) and panvascular disease.

Panvascular disease (PVD) is an emerging clinical concept that encompasses a spectrum of atherosclerotic conditions involving multiple major vascular beds, including the coronary, cerebral, peripheral, and valvular arteries. Although not formally recognized as a nosological entity, in this review, PVD is adopted as a conceptual framework to reflect the systemic nature of atherosclerosis affecting vascular territories supplying the heart, brain, and peripheral circulation. This perspective enables a more integrated understanding of disease processes across organ systems that are often studied in isolation. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically regulated, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle that has garnered increasing attention as an independent pathogenic risk factor for PVD. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological, genetic, and mechanistic studies has confirmed the multifaceted role of Lp(a) in promoting atherogenesis, vascular calcification, inflammation, and thrombogenesis across multiple vascular beds. Elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event risk, even after controlling for traditional risk factors. This review systematically outlines the structure, genetic determinants, and pathogenic mechanisms of Lp(a), and synthesizes current clinical evidence regarding its role in various PVD subtypes. The interactions between Lp(a) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension are explored in depth, highlighting their synergistic contributions to vascular injury and disease progression. Furthermore, sex-based differences in Lp(a)-associated risk, response to therapy, and biological behavior are discussed, providing insights into personalized cardiovascular risk stratification. In addition, the review summarizes current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting Lp(a), including niacin, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and gene-editing technologies. These advances offer promising new avenues for reducing residual cardiovascular risk attributable to elevated Lp(a). In conclusion, viewing Lp(a)-associated pathology through the lens of PVD provides a comprehensive and unifying approach to understanding its systemic impact. This framework supports the development of integrated risk assessment tools and multi-targeted interventions, ultimately aiming to improve outcomes for patients with complex, multisite vascular involvement.