ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Regular parental pre-mating exercise reduces offspring white adiposity and is associated with hypothalamic neurodevelopmental changes during lactation.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Maternal exercise during lactation remodels obesity-associated mammary metabolism and milk fatty acids, enhancing offspring lipid oxidation.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- A One Health Decalogue for Breastfeeding: Microbiota-Targeted Strategies for Infant Gastrointestinal and Neurodevelopmental Health.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The metabolic implications of maternal exercise: effects on pregnant women and their offspring.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextExercise is recommended for postpartum health, but its effects on breast milk composition and offspring are understudied.
objectiveThis work aimed to test whether the breast milk metabolome is altered with (i) acute exercise and/or (ii) habitual physical activity, and (iii) whether exercise-altered metabolites are associated with infant adiposity.
methodsMilk metabolites were assessed before and after acute exercise and in association with habitual activity score in 2 independent cohorts at 2 academic medical centers. The acute exercise cohort had 15 mother-infant dyads. The habitual activity nested case-control analysis had 84 physically active "cases" and 35 inactive "controls," and was conducted in a subset of the Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk)/4M study (N = 348). The acute exercise exposure was a 30-minute moderate-intensity treadmill session. The habitual activity exposure was based on Physical Activity Recall questionnaire scores. Main outcome measures included milk metabolite relative abundance at 1-month post partum by liquid chromatography-gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and infant anthropometric and body composition measures at 1, 3, and 6 months.
resultsAn acute exercise bout altered milk concentrations in 28 of 511 detectable metabolites (false discovery rate [FDR] < .05). In the habitual activity analysis, 4 of 454 detectable metabolites differed between active cases vs inactive controls (FDR < .05). Ten metabolites were altered (P < .05) by both exercise exposures. Of these, 4 were positively associated with fat mass index at 1 month, and 2 were associated with greater increase in body mass index z score between 1 and 3 months.
conclusionMaternal exercise was associated with differences in the breast milk metabolome. Metabolites that were associated both with acute exercise and habitual activity correlated with infant adiposity measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.