Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2025
Exploring the Application Capability of ChatGPT as an Instructor in Skills Education for Dental Medical Students: Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06942130 (Model Construction for AI-assisted Teaching), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Model Construction for AI-assisted Teaching
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Application of deep machine learning in dental education: a systematic review of effectiveness in dental students' teaching learning outcomes.Evidence-based dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- The impact of generative artificial intelligence on clinical skills and knowledge acquisition in medical undergraduates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven simulation in dental education: a systematic review and meta-analysis of learning outcomes.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in Undergraduate Health Professions Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.JMIR medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Augmented and virtual reality in dental and oral and maxillofacial surgery education: a systematic review with a taxonomy of training technologies.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- The effectiveness of GAI-assisted teaching methods in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in Urology Medical Education: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- An exploratory study of the use of artificial intelligence-based virtual patients to enhance dentist-patient communication training.BMC medical education · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of ChatGPT-assisted and drawing-based learning in enhancing understanding of intraoral radiographic anatomy among dental students: a comparative study.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of virtual patient integration in dermatology education: evidence for precision education by learner expertise.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Can artificial intelligence chatbots think like dentists? A comparative analysis based on dental specialty examination questions in restorative dentistry.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Application of artificial intelligence in oral health management: challenges and opportunities.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Haptic technology in orthodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- The Evolving Role of AI in Simulation-Based Medical Education: A Narrative Review.Advances in medical education and practice · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundClinical operative skills training is a critical component of preclinical education for dental students. Although technology-assisted instruction, such as virtual reality and simulators, is increasingly being integrated, direct guidance from instructors remains the cornerstone of skill development. ChatGPT, an advanced conversational artificial intelligence model developed by OpenAI, is gradually being used in medical education.
objectiveThis study aimed to compare the effects of ChatGPT-assisted skill learning on performance, cognitive load, self-efficacy, learning motivation, and spatial ability, with the aim of evaluating the potential of ChatGPT in clinical operative skills education.
methodsIn this study, 187 undergraduate dental students recruited from a first-class university in China were randomly divided into a ChatGPT group and a blank control group. Among them, the control group used videos for skill acquisition, and the ChatGPT group used ChatGPT in addition to the videos. After 1 week of intervention, skills were tested using desktop virtual reality, and cognitive load was measured by recording changes in pupil diameter with an eye tracker. In addition, a spatial ability test was administered to analyze the effect of ChatGPT on those with different spatial abilities. Finally, a questionnaire was also used to assess cognitive load and self-efficacy during the learning process.
resultsA total of 192 dental undergraduates from a top-tier Chinese university were initially recruited for the experiment by October 25, 2024. Following eye-tracking calibration procedures, 5 participants were excluded, resulting in 187 eligible students successfully completing the experimental protocol by November 2, 2024. Following a short-term intervention administered through randomized allocation, superior performance (ChatGPT group: mean 73.12, SD 10.06; control group: mean 65.54, SD 12.48; P<.001) was observed among participants in the ChatGPT group, along with higher levels of self-efficacy (P=.04) and learning motivation (P=.02). In addition, cognitive load was lower in the ChatGPT group according to eye-tracking measures (ChatGPT group: mean 0.137, SD 0.036; control group: mean 0.312, SD 0.032; P<.001). The analysis of the learning performance of participants with different spatial abilities in the 2 modalities showed that compared to the learners with high spatial abilities (ChatGPT group: mean 76.58, SD 9.23; control group: mean 73.89, SD 11.75; P=.22), those with low spatial abilities (ChatGPT group: mean 70.20, SD 10.71; control group: mean 55.41, SD 13.31; P<.001) were more positively influenced by ChatGPT.
conclusionsChatGPT has performed outstandingly in assisting dental skill learning, and the study supports the integration of ChatGPT into skills teaching and provides new ideas for modernizing skill teaching.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06942130；https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06942130.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.