Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40427934›Full record

ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Age-Period-Cohort Analysis on the Burden of Gastrointestinal Cancers in China: Trends, Risk Factors, and Predictions.

Yongbo Lu, Jingya Zhang, Zongyang Zhou, Ning Zhang, Wei Ning, Ying Mao

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yongbo LuSchool of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Jingya ZhangSchool of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.ORCID 0000-0002-2657-9802
Zongyang ZhouSchool of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Ning ZhangVanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.ORCID 0000-0001-5841-4933
Wei NingSchool of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.ORCID 0009-0009-6261-954X
Ying MaoSchool of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.ORCID 0000-0002-8271-2524

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGastrointestinal cancer imposes a heavy public health burden worldwide. The six major subtypes of GI cancer cases accounted for over a quarter of the total cancer cases in China. We examined and predicted the amount and trend of the burden of gastrointestinal cancer in China.

methodsWe collected the crude incidence rate (CIR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), crude DALY rate, age-standardized DALY rate, crude death rate (CDR), and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) by gender, age, and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database, covering the period from 1990 to 2021. We used an age-period-cohort (APC) model to calculate the age, period, and cohort effects separately and a Bayesian APC model to predict the epidemiological trends and the age-specific incidence.

resultsIn 2021, 1,957,948 incidence cases of gastrointestinal cancers were estimated in China, with an incidence rate of 137.62 per 100,000. The burden was notably higher for males, with tobacco use accounting for 26.48% of male GI cancer DALYs versus dietary risks (13.22%) being predominant in females. Metabolic risk factors showed concerning growth trends, with high fasting plasma glucose increasing by 166.06% in males and 275.72% in females. The age-period-cohort analysis revealed peak incidence at advanced ages (>80 years) for most GI cancers. By 2050, China's gastrointestinal cancer burden is projected to increase substantially, with total cases reaching 2.92 (95% CI: 2.27, 3.77) million (49.06% increase) and crude incidence rate rising to 230.51 (95% CI: 178.98, 298.03) per 100,000 (a 67.49% increase), predominantly driven by colorectal cancer (41.74%) and stomach cancer (21.47%). While crude incidence rates show consistent increases across all GI cancers, particularly in males, age-standardized incidence rates are predicted to decrease for most cancer types except for male colorectal and biliary tract cancers.

conclusionsThe burden of gastrointestinal cancer in China is growing rapidly and will continue to increase. The performance of ASIR indicated that population aging is a potential driver of the increasing burden. Cancer control policies should focus on older people. It is critical to distinguish prevention strategies by gender and age according to the major risk factors.

Indexed as

age–period–cohort modelgastrointestinal cancerincidencepredictionrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID40427934
PMCPMC12110969

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.