Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40430522›Full record

ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2025

The Toxicological Profile of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients-Containing Nanoparticles: Classification, Mechanistic Pathways, and Health Implications.

Muhaimin Muhaimin, Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa, Mayang Kusuma Dewi, Alfi Khatib, Aghnia Hazrina

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Toxicity of nanostructures in drug delivery applications.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. The Potential ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Muhaimin MuhaiminDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl, Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0002-6269-5931
Anis Yohana ChaerunisaaDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl, Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0002-4985-8206
Mayang Kusuma DewiPostdoctoral Fellow, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl, Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0002-0563-1843
Alfi KhatibDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-5480-0789
Aghnia HazrinaUndergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl, Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, producing a lot of new substances with properties that are not necessarily easily expected based on present knowledge. Nanotechnology produces substances with unique properties that can be beneficial or harmful depending on their biocompatibility and distribution. Understanding nanomaterial toxicity is essential to ensure their safe application in biological and environmental applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanoparticle toxicity, focusing on their physicochemical properties, mechanisms of cellular uptake, and potential health risks. Key factors influencing toxicity include particle size, shape, concentration, aspect ratio, crystallinity, surface charge, dissolution, and agglomeration. Nanoparticles can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to adverse effects when inhaled, ingested, or applied to the skin. However, their toxicity may not be limited to just these pathways, as they can also exhibit other toxic properties, such as activation of the apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial damage. By summarizing the current knowledge on these aspects, this article intends to support the development of nanoparticles in a safer way for future applications.

Indexed as

inflammationnanoparticlesoxidative stressphysicochemical propertiestoxicity

Identifiers

PMID40430522
PMCPMC12115128

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.