ArticleBMC oral health2025
Global, regional, and National levels and trends in burden of dental caries and periodontal disease from 1990 to 2035: result from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Adjunctive Use of Locally Delivered Statins in Periodontal Therapy and Pre-Implant Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Pooled it
- Periodontal Disease and Edentulism Trends in Older Women of China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1990 to 2033.International dental journal · 2026Article
- 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Increases MMP-1 and MMP-3 Production in Human Gingival Fibroblasts.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Periodontitis and Tooth Loss Among Older Adult Women With Low Bone Mineral Density: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Periodontal Disease Burden in China and G20 Nations: Insights From the Global Burden of Disease 2023 Study.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Association of frailty index with incident complete tooth loss among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a longitudinal cohort study based on CHARLS.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Association between food-based dietary inflammatory index and dental health: results from Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Disease (BKNCD) cohort.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban and Demographic Inequalities in Dental Pathology and Diagnostic Patterns in Romanian Emergency Care: A Retrospective Tertiary Clinical Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global Trends in Incidence of Caries in Permanent Teeth of the Elderly Aged Over 55 Years, 1990-2021: A Multilevel Analysis Using GBD Data.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Predictors of Dental Caries, Periodontal Disease and Oral Health Quality of Life in People with HIV on ART: The OHART study.Research square · 2026Article
- Estimating Caries Risk in Unsealed-Permanent Molars Among Young Adults With Data From Repeated National Surveys and a Markov Model.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2026Article
- Periodontitis as a Model for Inflammatory Uncoupling of Bone Remodeling.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Review
- Evolving Patterns of Oral Disease Burden in China, 1990-2021: Evidence From the Global Burden of Disease Study.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Revealing the hidden burden: wastewater-based epidemiology for underreported and emerging infectious diseases in communities.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in periodontal disease research: a bibliometric and visualized analysis of global research trends (2007-2025).The Saudi dental journal · 2026Review
- The Journey of Oral Hygiene: The Past, the Present, the Future.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Article
- Exploring the Triangle Between Oxidative Stress, Advanced Glycation End Products and Dental Caries in the Context of Diet and Lifestyle.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Global Burden of Oral Disorders in Adults Aged ≥65, 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Oral and cardiometabolic health through the lens of biobanks and large-scale epidemiologic research.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe global burden of dental caries (DC) and periodontal disease (PD) has evolved significantly from 1990 to 2021, influenced by demographic shifts and socioeconomic factors in oral health interventions. This study aims to analyze historical trends, project future trajectories to 2035, and identify inequalities to inform equitable oral health policy development.
methodsUtilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), which integrates epidemiological records from systematic reviews, survey data preparation, disease registries, and case notifications, we conducted an observational analysis based on historical population-level data from 1990 to 2021.We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and their corresponding age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) for caries of deciduous teeth (CDT), caries of permanent teeth (CPT) and periodontal disease (PD). Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) were employed to forecast trends through 2035, integrating second-order smoothing effects, overdispersion adjustments, and uncertainty quantification via 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations (95% UI) with future precision expressed as 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, CDT prevalence declined regionally, while PD remained prevalent, particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations in high-burden regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Significant gender disparities were noted, with females experiencing comparable deciduous DC in early childhood, whereas males showed dominant PD rates in middle/older ages. Low-income regions still face high burdens despite progress. Projections to 2035 suggest a CDT resurgence and aging-driven PD persistence.
conclusionsDC and PD persist as major public health issues, shaped by gender, age, and regional disparities. The projected resurgence of childhood DC and persistent PD prevalence by 2035 underscore the need for targeted interventions. Tailored public health initiatives are essential to mitigate long-term impacts and improve global oral health outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.