Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40444781›Full record

SynthesisEuropean heart journal2025

Heart failure: assessment of the global economic burden.

Mohammad Darvish, Abdul Shakoor, Lida Feyz, Jeroen Schaap, Nicolas M van Mieghem, Rudolf A de Boer, Jasper J Brugts, Robert M A van der Boon

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European heart journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
39citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  18. A Clinical Prediction Model for Selective NT-proBNP Testing in Hypertension.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mohammad DarvishDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0006-4601-7192
Abdul ShakoorDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-7789-2022
Lida FeyzDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Jeroen SchaapDepartment of Cardiology, Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda, The Netherlands.
Nicolas M van MieghemDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-2732-1205
Rudolf A de BoerDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-4775-9140
Jasper J BrugtsDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-5522-9318
Robert M A van der BoonDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6340-2590

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsHeart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, imposing substantial costs on healthcare systems and societies. This study aimed to provide a contemporary overview of its global economic impact.

methodsA systematic search of four databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies reporting direct cost (DC) and/or indirect cost (IC) associated with HF were included. DC and IC were expressed as a percentage of current healthcare expenditure (CHE) and gross domestic product (GDP), which were obtained for 2021 from the World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database. Countries were categorized by their Human Development Index (HDI), and weighted group means were calculated to estimate costs based on their 2021 expenditure.

resultsThirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. In 2021, the estimated economic burden of HF was $284.17 billion across 179 countries. This included $136.86 billion (48.16%) in DC and $147.31 (51.84%) billion in IC. Very high HDI countries account for most absolute HF spending, but HF comprises a smaller share of CHE and GDP (1.07% DC, 0.09% IC) compared with low HDI countries (8.85% DC, 0.29% IC).

conclusionsThe global economic burden of HF is substantial, increasing, and varies across countries. Although very high and high HDI countries carry most of the absolute costs, low HDI countries bear a disproportionate burden relative to their total healthcare expenditure or GDP. Data scarcity in these settings further impedes accurate burden estimates. To address this growing challenge, proactive and cost-effective measures tailored to each country's healthcare system are crucial in optimizing HF care worldwide.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessGlobal HealthHealth Care CostsHealth ExpendituresHeart FailureGross Domestic ProductHumansEconomic evaluationHeart failure

Identifiers

PMID40444781
PMCPMC12349942

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.