ArticleBMJ open2025
Non-monetary burdens of out-of-pocket costs incurred by patients and caregivers for medical care: a scoping review.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Behavioral and Psychological Financial Hardship Among Caregivers of Pediatric Cancer Patients.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- A study on patient perceived value in cardiology private health care services: a marketing perspective.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Article
- Effect of Social Determinants of Health and Geography on Uveal Melanoma.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients and their caregivers incur significant financial burden from health care costs, but the financial burden often does not consider additional impacts from non-monetary burdens.
objectivesExamine the extent to which non-monetary burdens have been investigated and identify the methods and instruments used to collect non-monetary burdens through a systematic scoping review.
methodsScoping review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for scoping reviews. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, EconLit and Web of Science were searched from 1 January 2013 to 7 November 2023. The search identified 950 articles. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: A dual independent review of titles, abstracts and full texts was conducted for inclusion, and data were extracted using DistillerSR software; 166 articles met the inclusion criteria.
resultsThe included studies suggest three overarching categories of non-monetary burdens: material, psychological or psychosocial and coping behaviour. Within each of these categories, the literature has identified subcategories of burdens that vary in the extent to which they have been studied. This review also identifies 29 instruments used to collect non-monetary burdens from patients and caregivers across the included studies, of which 19 were validated. Many of these instruments were used in a single study.
conclusionsThe findings help illustrate the gaps in the literature on non-monetary burdens for patients and caregivers and provide a starting point for further investigation of this topic as well as implications for policy. Future research may reference the instruments highlighted in this study to help develop new instruments for capturing non-monetary burdens to better reflect the patient and caregiver experiences with financial toxicity due to medical expenses. Collecting more comprehensive data will provide a better understanding of the range and the extent of the non-monetary burdens faced by patients and caregivers. It will also increase the evidence to support new or existing targeted programmes and policies to help patients and caregivers better cope with these non-monetary burdens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.