Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40448207›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2025

Hypertension and diabetes on cognitive impairment: a case-control study in China.

Jing Wu, Xiangjun Yin, Weiqiang Ji, Yang Liu, Jing Tang, Han Zhang, Shige Qi, Jie Li, Li Lin, Xueqing Yang and 2 more

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jing Wu *National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China. wujing@chinacdc.cn.
Xiangjun Yin *National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Weiqiang Ji *Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
Yang Liu *National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Jing TangSchool of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
Han ZhangNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Shige QiNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Jie LiSchool of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Li LinSchool of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
Xueqing YangNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Chengdong XuState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. xucd@lreis.ac.cn.
Qingfeng DuGuangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Guangzhou, 510515, China. dqf1689@smu.edu.cn.

Funding

Guangzhou Health Science and Technology Project 2024A031007Ministry of Science and Technology-National Science and Technology and Innovation Program 2030 2023ZD0509800National Key Research and Development Program of China 2024YFC2510200
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCognitive impairment, hypertension and diabetes are prevalent chronic conditions in populations of older ages. Previous studies have shown that hypertension and diabetes are risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment. However, the impact of hypertension combined with diabetes (HD) and their cumulative effects on cognitive impairment remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether HD influences development of cognitive impairment and whether the effect is cumulative.

methodsA case-control study was conducted. From 40,103 subjects aged 60 years or older, enrolled from 28 representative communities of 9 provinces of China between January 2015 and December 2021 into the Prevention and Intervention on Neurodegenerative Disease for Elderly in China program using multi-stage stratified random sampling, individuals not meeting our propensity score matching criteria were excluded, and 13,252 individuals were finally selected for the study. Exposure factors included hypertension, diabetes and their comorbidity. Odds ratios (ORs) of exposure factors on cognitive impairment were measured using multiple logistic regression.

resultsWe found significant impacts of hypertension, diabetes and their comorbidity on cognitive impairment occurrence. The OR values for dementia were 1.18 for individuals with hypertension only, 1.26 for those with diabetes only, and 1.53 for those with HD. Compared to participants without hypertension and diabetes, the OR values for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were 1.11 for individuals with hypertension only, 1.32 for those with diabetes only, and 1.27 for those with HD. For subjects with HD longer than 5 years, the comorbidity significantly impacted on MCI and dementia, and the degree of impact increased with the duration of comorbidity. For hypertension, the influence of hypertension on dementia were most influential in middle-aged (45-64 years old) people. By contrast, the influence of diabetes on people younger than 45-year-old was most significant, with the middle-age group being the second most impacted subjects.

conclusionsThe elderly with HD have a heightened risk of developing cognitive impairment, particularly dementia, compared to those with either hypertension or diabetes alone. The study revealed a significant cumulative impact of HD on cognitive impairment.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionDiabetes MellitusHypertensionAgedAged, 80 and overCase-Control StudiesChinaComorbidityFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsCase–control studyCognitive impairmentDiabetesElderlyHypertension

Identifiers

PMID40448207
PMCPMC12123983

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.