Evidence mapPaperPMID 40455379Full record

ReviewBioresources and bioprocessing2025

A review on techno-economic assessment of Spirulina for sustainable nutraceutical, medicinal, environmental, and bioenergy applications.

Musa Nasiru Musa, Ghazali Musa Jirgi, Zakariyya Uba Zango, Mannawi Nasiru Isa, Muhammad Abdurrazak, Adamu Ahmad Adamu, Ismael A Wadi, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Zaharaddeen N Garba, Usman Bello and 3 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Bioresources and bioprocessing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Cultivation ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Musa Nasiru MusaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina, 2137, Nigeria.
Ghazali Musa JirgiInstitute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina, 2137, Nigeria.
Zakariyya Uba ZangoDepartment of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina, 2137, Nigeria. zakariyyazango@auk.edu.ng.
Mannawi Nasiru IsaDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Science and Information Technology, Skyline University Nigeria, Zaria Road Kano, Kano, Nigeria.
Muhammad AbdurrazakDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Science and Information Technology, Skyline University Nigeria, Zaria Road Kano, Kano, Nigeria.
Adamu Ahmad AdamuDepartment of Physiotherapy, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, PMB 3452, Kano, Nigeria.
Ismael A WadiPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Basic Science Unit, Alkharj 16278, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
Adekunle Akanni AdelekeDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
Zaharaddeen N GarbaDepartment of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810107, Nigeria.
Usman BelloBiofuel and Biochemical Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi, PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
Haruna AdamuDepartment of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi Campus, Bauchi, 740102, Nigeria. hadamu2@atbu.edu.ng.
Ahmad Hosseini-BandegharaeiFaculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. ahoseinib@yahoo.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-479X
Dmitry Olegovich BokovInstitute of Pharmacy Named After A.P. Nelyubin, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Bldg. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Global population growth underlies the need to explore alternative materials to address pressing challenges in food security, medicine, energy, and environmental pollution. Spirulina is a nutrient dense cyanobacteria that offers promising solutions to the aforementioned challenges, mainly due to its rich composition of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds such as β-carotene and phycocyanin. These compounds confer various health benefits, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which make Spirulina a valuable dietary and therapeutic supplement. Essential fatty acids and its rapid growth rate also makes Spirulina a potential source of biodiesel for energy related applications. Additionally, Spirulina's high porosity and variable functional groups endow it with remarkable biosorption properties for soil and wastewater remediation applications. The chemical structure and unique properties of Spirulina have been utilized to produce biotemplates for nanomaterials as well as the fabrication of functional composites for various applications. Thus, in this review, we have highlighted the broad potentials of Spirulina in diverse applications, emphasizing its eco-friendliness, economic viability, challenges, and the prospects of its biomass for sustainable, nutraceutical, therapeutic, energy related, and environmental applications.

Indexed as

AntioxidantBiodieselEnvironmental remediationNutraceuticalSpirulina

Identifiers

PMID40455379
PMCPMC12130388

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.