Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40464139›Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes2025

Trends in Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With New Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Usage Patterns in an Evolving Guideline Landscape.

William Hou, Katherine R Tuttle, Weining Shen, Andrew Reikes, Jonathan H Watanabe

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

William HouDonald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
Katherine R TuttleNephrology Division, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Weining ShenDepartment of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
Andrew ReikesDivisions of General Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
Jonathan H WatanabeDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2543-5305

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsIn patients with new onset type 2 diabetes, this study aimed to analyze glucose-lowering medication use patterns between 2014 and 2022. MATERIALS AND

methodsThis retrospective study included adults with incident type 2 diabetes in the University of California Health System between 2014 and 2022. We determined medications used within 1 year of diagnosis and evaluated statistical evidence of use pattern changes via Mann-Kendall trend tests. Four categories of high-risk patients requiring cardio-kidney-metabolic protection were also evaluated in stratified analyses based on 2024 ADA guidelines.

resultsOf 40 150 patients with incident type 2 diabetes, 38.5% initiated glucose-lowering medication within 1 year. Metformin remained the most used medication from 2014 to 2022. From 2014 to 2022, usage of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors increased exponentially. GLP-1 receptor agonist use increased from below 2.5%-21%. While SGLT-2 inhibitor use increased from less than 2.5%-14%. This growth coincided with a decline in sulfonylurea usage. Among high-risk, insulin was most prevalent in those with heart failure or chronic kidney disease. However, usage of insulin declined overall in all groups. Utilization of SGLT-2 inhibitors was particularly high in patients with prior heart failure.

conclusionsIn adults with new onset type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 receptor agonist and SGLT-2 inhibitor utilization has markedly increased, coordinating with evolving guidelines that emphasize cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease management. However, overall adoption rates of these medications remain low based on indicated populations. Sulfonylurea use declined while metformin remains the most frequently initiated treatment.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsPractice Guidelines as TopicPractice Patterns, Physicians'AdultAgedBlood GlucoseFemaleGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHumansInsulinMaleMetforminMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsBlood GlucoseGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMetforminSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitorsantidiabetic medicationscardiovascular diseasediabetesguidelinesinsulinsmetforminreal‐world data

Identifiers

PMID40464139
PMCPMC12134773

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.