Observational studyGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2025
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on manifest refraction in a young adult population: A large cohort study.
Observational study in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the impact of lockdowns during COVID-19 pandemic on manifest refraction in a young adult population.
methodsA retrospective, observational study of flight academy candidates evaluated between 2019 and 2023. Data collected included demographics, best corrected visual acuity, and manifest refraction. The cohort was divided into three groups with respect to the COVID-19 lockdown periods.
resultsThe study included 7,491 individuals with a mean age of 17.36 years (range 16-18), of whom 81% were male. Comparing refractive errors between the three groups, the highest rate of emmetropia, hyperopia and myopia were observed in the post-lockdown, during-lockdown group and pre-lockdown groups, respectively. Spherical equivalent (SE) significantly increased (a positive increase, indicating less myopia or more hyperopia) when comparing pre-lockdowns and during-lockdowns (mean difference = 0.100, p = 0.002), and between pre-lockdowns and post-lockdowns (mean difference = 0.119, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that both during-lockdowns and post-lockdowns periods were significantly associated with a positive shift in SE compared to the pre-lockdowns period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). Male gender was also a significant predictor for this hyperopic shift (p < 0.001).
conclusionNo increase in myopia was observed in healthy young adults, despite long periods of lockdowns and homeschooling during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.