ArticleDiabetes care2025
Risk of Thyroid Tumors With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cancer outcomes and biological mechanisms among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss and Risk of Major Safety Outcomes: A Multicentre Cohort Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Exposure to GLP-1RA and Risk of Structural Progression in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and cancer risk: the good, the bad and the unknown.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Joint Society Statement From the Society for Endocrinology (SfE), the British Thyroid Association (BTA) and the British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons (BAETS) Regarding the Association of GLP-1 Agonists and Thyroid Cancer.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Article
- Review
- Combined Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypothyroidism: Impact of Oral Semaglutide and Levothyroxine on Cardiometabolic and Thyroid Parameters: A 6-Month Comparative Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- If treating obesity with GLP-1-based therapies protects the heart, could it also prevent cancer or improve cancer outcomes? The case for randomized trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- The Multifaceted Nature of GLP-1: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 medicines and cancer.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Assessment of thyroid cancer risk associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Diabetes-type-specific thyroid safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists: evidence from a large real-world cohort.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- The central role of IL-6 in the differential effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin across multiple health conditions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Thyroid Cancer Risk and the Next Generation of Diabetes Drugs: What Can We Learn from Incretin-Based Therapies?Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) use and risk of incident thyroid tumors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThe retrospective, active-comparator new-user cohort study used international administrative claims and electronic health record databases. Participants included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with prior metformin therapy initiating a GLP-1RA versus new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), and sulfonylureas (SUs). The outcome was incident thyroid tumor and thyroid malignancy. Propensity score matching and stratification were used to adjust for confounders with an intention-to-treat and on-treatment strategy. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Unmeasured confounding was evaluated using negative outcomes, with calibration of the HR.
resultsA total of 460,032 users of GLP-1RAs, 717,792 users of SGLT2is, 2,055,583 users of DPP-4is, and 1,119,868 users of SUs were included. Only U.S. cohorts passed study diagnostics. Thyroid tumor incidence ranged from 0.88 to 1.03 per 1,000 person-years in GLP-1RA cohorts. GLP-1RA exposure was not associated with an increased risk of thyroid tumors compared with SGLT2is, DPP-4is, or SUs (meta-analysis: GLP-1RA vs. SGLT2i HR range from 0.83 [95% CI 0.57-1.27] to 0.95 [0.85-1.06]; GLP-1RA vs. SU HR range from 0.95 [0.75-1.20] to 1.03 [0.87-1.23]; GLP-1RA vs. DPP-4i HR range from 0.78 [0.60-1.01] to 0.93 [0.83-1.04]). Analysis using thyroid malignancy and including a 1-year lag period produced similar conclusions.
conclusionsIn patients with T2DM initiating second-line treatments, we observed no increased risk of thyroid tumors with GLP-1RA exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.