Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40467164›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025

Assessment of immune function in individuals without and with obesity and normoglycemia, glucose intolerance, or type 2 diabetes: primary findings of the NutrIMM study, a single-arm controlled feeding trial.

Jenneffer Rayane Braga Tibaes, Maria Inês Barreto Silva, Jessy Azarcoya-Barrera, Paulina Blanco Cervantes, Alexander Makarowski, Laurie Mereu, Caroline Richard

Registry-linked trialAbstract readClinical Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04291391 (The Alberta NutrIMM), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04291391 nacompletednot on this map

The Alberta NutrIMM (Nutrition and Immune Function) Study: Establishing the Importance of Diet and Insulin Resistance in Modulating Immune Function in Obesity

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of AlbertaRan2019 to 2023Enrolled114ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2, ObesityArmsNorth American-type diet
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jenneffer Rayane Braga TibaesDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Maria Inês Barreto SilvaDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Applied Nutrition, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Jessy Azarcoya-BarreraDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Paulina Blanco CervantesDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Alexander MakarowskiDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Laurie MereuDepartment of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Caroline RichardDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Electronic address: cr5@ualberta.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with immune dysfunction, increasing infection susceptibility and impairing immune responses. However, the independent effects of obesity and hyperglycemia on immune dysregulation remain unclear, particularly under controlled dietary conditions.

objectivesThe Nutrition and Immunity study investigated the effects of obesity and hyperglycemia on immune cell function, phenotype, and systemic inflammation in individuals with obesity with or without T2D, compared with lean individuals with normoglycemia.

methodsThis single-arm controlled feeding trial included 112 participants across 4 groups: lean-normoglycemic (Lean-NG), obese-normoglycemic (OB-NG), obese-glucose intolerant (OB-GI), and obese-T2D. Participants followed a standardized isocaloric North American diet for 4 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and week 4. One-way and repeated measures analysis of variance assessed group differences and/or dietary effects. Linear regression analyses examined associations between glucose control and immune function.

resultsC-reactive protein levels were higher in the OB-NG group [mean difference (MD): 4.1 mg/L; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7, 6.6], OB-GI group (MD: 3.1 mg/L; 95% CI: 0.82, 5.4), and OB-T2D (MD: 2.7 mg/L; 95% CI: 0.3, 5.1) compared with Lean-NG, whereas interleukin (IL)-2 secretion was lower in OB-T2D group (MD: -2086.4 pg/mL; 95% CI: -4375.9, -37.4). OB-T2D also exhibited higher neutrophils (MD: 0.7%; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (MD: 155.3; 95% CI: 0.90, 309.7), and system inflammation response index (MD: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97) compared with Lean-NG, and a lower proportion of naïve CD8+ T cells than OB-NG (MD: -13.7%; 95% CI: -27.3, -0.14). Regression analysis showed an association between hyperglycemia and reduced immune function, particularly for IL-2 (β = -0.296, P = 0.037) and interferon-gamma secretion (β = -0.325, P = 0.017).

conclusionsImmune function is compromised in obesity and worsens in T2D, suggesting both obesity and poor glucose control drive immune dysfunction. Addressing metabolic health may help mitigate immune dysfunction and inflammation in obesity-related conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04291391 (https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT04291391?term=NCT04291391&rank=1).

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucose IntoleranceObesityAdultBlood GlucoseC-Reactive ProteinFemaleHumansInflammationInterleukin-2MaleMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseC-Reactive ProteinInterleukin-2controlled feedingimmune functionNorth American dietobesitytype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40467164
PMCPMC12226755

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.