ArticleRespiratory research2025
Local and systemic effects in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-smokers.
Article in Respiratory research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The triple-hit hypothesis: exploring pulmonary e-cigarette, PMEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Acute Exposure to Combustible and Novel Tobacco Products Using an In Vitro Human Airway Organ Tissue Equivalent Model.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Investigating the exhaled lipid biomarkers among e-cigarette users compared to non-smokers.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Article
- Psychometric evaluation of the e-cigarette knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire among young students: a structural equation modeling approach.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Caution required in interpreting inflammatory effects of e-cigarette use: correcting methodological and conceptual weaknesses.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- The Impact of Cigarette Smoking, Waterpipe Smoking, and E-Cigarette Vaping on Peri-Implant Clinical Outcomes and Inflammatory Markers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of oral & maxillofacial researchReview
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe use of electronic (e)-cigarettes in the long term has been associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases. Dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes may increase these risks even more due to the combined exposure effects of these products. The aim of this study was to investigate the local and systemic effects of e-cigarette use for more than one year and compare them with healthy non-smokers, cigarette smokers, and dual users.
methodsThe clinical study was conducted among 22 healthy non-smokers, 20 e-cigarette users, 20 cigarette smokers, and 20 dual users. Participants were matched with age and BMI, had normal baseline lung function, and had no allergies. Exhaled FeNO and bronchial responsiveness were assessed along with reactive oxygen species (ROS), toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, and inflammatory cytokines in blood and sputum.
resultsExhaled FeNO was higher in e-cigarette users (14 ppb, p = 0.04) and lower in cigarette smokers (9 ppb, p = 0.04) compared to healthy non-smokers (11 ppb). Bronchial responsiveness was increased in e-cigarette users (1.9 mg, p = 0.01) and cigarette smokers (1.9 mg, p = 0.01) compared to healthy non-smokers (2.9 mg). ROS in blood and sputum in e-cigarette users (p = 0.005 and p = 0.04) and dual users (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04) were increased. Also, TLR2 expression in blood granulocytes in all exposed groups (p = 0.001), TLR2 and TLR4 expression in sputum in e-cigarette users (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03) and dual users (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004) were increased. Moreover, the percentage of IL13 and IFNγ cytokine-producing T cells in blood were increased in e-cigarette users (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) and dual users (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001).
conclusionOur research indicates that both local and systemic inflammatory responses, along with innate immune receptor activity, were significantly altered in e-cigarette users and dual users. Notably, these alterations were detected in e-cigarette users within a short timeframe of just 1 to 3 years of use. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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