ArticlePharmaceutical biology2025
Hyaluronic acid-engineered milk extracellular vesicles to target triple negative breast cancer through CD44.
Article in Pharmaceutical biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Hyaluronic Acid Decoration Facilitates CD44-Mediated Targeting and Alters Protein Corona Formation of Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextCancer therapy remains a challenge in healthcare, particularly in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where targeted therapies are still scarce.
objectiveAddressing this issue, our study explores a novel targeting approach using small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolated from cow milk, functionalized with hyaluronic acid (HA) to target the overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) cell surface receptor in TNBC cells. MATERIALS &
methodsA method for isolating sEVs from cow milk was optimized, and the obtained sEVs were fully characterized in terms of size, morphology, and protein markers. Subsequently, milk-derived sEVs were covalently bound with HA of varying molecular weights (MW, 20-60 kDa, 250 kDa, 1000-1600 kDa) and binding and internalization dynamics were investigated. Breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (TNBC and CD44+) and MCF-7 (CD44-), were used as
resultsThe binding and internalization studies unveiled enhanced selectivity of functionalized sEVs for CD44-overexpressing cells compared to non-functionalized sEVs. Notably, higher MW HA exhibited enhanced binding capacity, with partial internalization occurring through CD44 endocytic mechanisms. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionIn summary, this work introduces a sEVs isolation method and sheds light on the role of HA MW in enhancing cellular uptake of CD44 overexpressing cancer cells.
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Registered trials
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